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==Introduction==
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Until 1978 Parvovirus enteriris was totally unknown in dogs - it was first seen in dogs in Australia where it appeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the disease seen in the cat. Research revealed a new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus; viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus. Clinically, the virus causes enteritis mainly affecting the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] in young dogs over 6 weeks old and myocarditis in puppies. Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives for a protracted time in the environment.
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====Antigenicity====
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==Antigenicity==
*2 Canine Viruses:
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*2 Canine viruses have been identified:
**Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population
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**Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent and ubiquitous in the canine population
**Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): new virus emerged in the late 1970's
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**Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): a new virus that emerged in the late 1970's
*Antigenic variants occur
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Antigenic variants do naturally occur.
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====Hosts====
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==Signalment==
*Dogs
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The virus predominantly affects dogs, but CPV 2a/2b can cause clinical disease in cats.
*CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats
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====Pathogenesis====
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==Pathogenesis==
*Oropharyngeal infection followed by '''viremia'''
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Oropharyngeal infection is followed by '''viremia'''. Subsequently there are 2 distinct syndromes:
*2 distinct syndromes:
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#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks - the virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium leading to sudden death, or '''fading puppy''' syndrome. This is now rare due to widespread passive immunity.
#'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks
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#'''Enteritis''' in puppies >6 weeks of age. The virus targets intestinal crypts, causing the villi to shorten and the destruction of cypt cells, leading to gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis. CPV has a high morbidity but low mortality (10%) rate.
#*Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium
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#*Sudden death, '''fading puppy''' syndrome
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#*Now rare due to widespread passive immunity
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#'''Enteritis''' in puppies >8 weeks of age
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#*Virus targets intestinal crypts
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#*Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells
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#*Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis
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#*High morbidity, low mortality (10%)
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====Epidemiology====
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==Epidemiology==
*'''Orofecal''' transmission
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Transmission is by the '''Orofaecal''' route. The host range is controlled by only a few amino acids
*Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids
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====Diagnosis====
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==Diagnosis==
*HA or ELISA for virus
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*HA or ELISA to confirm viral infection.
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* Viral antigen can be detected in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test.
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* Immunoflurescence.
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* Serology.
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====Control====
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==Prevention and Control==
*Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis. With first vaccination at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks.  
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*Vaccination, usually given in combination with distemper and hepatitis. With first vaccination at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks. Earlier vaccinations can be given where breeders are known to have CPV on the premises.
*Thorough disinfection after disease
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*Thorough disinfection after disease or removing dogs from that area for at least 9 months.
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==Parvovirus Enteritis==
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===Canine Disease===
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* Until 1978 Parvovirus enteriris was totally unknown in dogs. 
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* First seen in dogs in Australia.
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** Apeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the disease seen in the cat.
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** A new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus.
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*** Viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus.
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** The canine virus does NOT cause disease in cats.
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* '''Clinical'''
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** Causes enteritis in young dogs over 6 weeks old.
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** Causes myocarditis in puppies.
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** Mainly affects the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
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* Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives in the environment.
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* Diagnosis:
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** Look for viral antigen in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test.
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** Immunoflurescence.
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** ELISA.
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** Serology.
      
[[Category:Parvoviridae]][[Category:Dog]]
 
[[Category:Parvoviridae]][[Category:Dog]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
 
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
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