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| − | Caused by ''[[Streptococcus equi subsp. equi]]''
| + | #redirect[[Streptococcus equi subsp. equi]] |
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| − | *Epidemiology
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| − | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Strangles|Strangles]] is a highly infectious disease of horses caused by ''Streptococcus equi'' subsp. ''equi''
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| − | **[[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Horses|upper respiratory tract disease of horses]] with fever and abscessation of regional lymph nodes
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| − | **Cause [[Rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], lymphadenitis and [[:Category:Bacterial Myositis|myositis]]
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| − | **Outbreaks in groups of young horses
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| − | **Transmitted via purulent exudate discharging from upper respiratory tract or from lymph nodes
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| − | **Chronic, carrier state can occur with bacteria im the guttural pouch
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| − | **A mild, atypical form can occur
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| − | **''S. equi'' shed for 4 weeks beyond clinical resolution
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| − | *Clinical signs
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| − | **Incubation period 3 to 6 days
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| − | **Fever, depression, anorexia
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| − | **Purulent nasal discharge
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| − | **Swollen, painful regional lymph nodes, especially submandibular
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| − | **Abscessation and rupture of lymph nodes
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| − | **Guttural pouch empyema
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| − | **100% morbidity; 5% mortality
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| − | **Death can occur from pneumonia, breathing difficulties from swollen lymph nodes or [[Muscle Ischaemia|purpura haemorrhagica]](an immune-mediated disease)
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| − | **Bastard strangle may occasionally occur, with abscessaation in many organs of the body
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| − | **''S. equi'' may be involved in [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
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| − | *Diagnosis
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| − | **Clinical signs and history
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| − | **Mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis
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| − | **Sugar fermentation allows differentiation of ''S. equi'' from ''S. zooepidemicus'' and ''S. equisimilis''
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| − | **PCR to detect asymptomatic carriers
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| − | *Treatment and control
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| − | **Penicillin administration to in-contact animals
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| − | **Isolation of affected animals
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| − | **Quarantne in-coming animals
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| − | **Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
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| − | **Disinfection of equipment
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| − | *Gross pathology
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| − | **Initial bilateral nasal discharge, serous becoming purulent
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| − | **Catarrhal conjunctivitis may be present
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| − | *Less frequently, complications can occur as follows :
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| − | **Purulent inflammation may extent to [[Guttural Pouches - Anatomy & Physiology|guttural pouches]] or [[Pneumonia Overview#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], [[Sinusitis|sinusitis]]
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| − | **Bacteraemia with metastatic abscesses - most often to the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes, less frequently, other organs such as [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], kidney and brain can be involved - '''Bastard strangles'''
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| − | **Retropharyngeal abscesses can rupture onto the skin of neck or into the guttural pouch resulting in '''[[Guttural Pouch Empyema|guttural pouch empyema]] or chondroid formation''' - carrier state
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| − | **[[Muscle Ischaemia|'''Purpura haemorrhagica''']]: an acute vasculitis causing urticaria and extensive oedema of ventrum, head and distal limbs
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| − | **[[Laryngeal Hemiplegia|Laryngeal hemiplegia]] due to enlarged retropharyngeal lymph nodes
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| − | **Compression of cranial nerves
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| − | *Interview with Professors Josh Slater and Ken Smith providing an interesting insight into the pathogenesis, prevalence and possible prevention of ''Streptococcus equi'' infections in horses - listen to [http://www.rvc.ac.uk/Review/Podcasts/RVC_Podcast_12.m4a Strangles podcast]
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]
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| − | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
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| − | [[Category:To_Do_-_Respiratory]]
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