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Also Known As: '''''Apoplectiform Septicaemia — Enterococcosis — Sleeping Sickness — Streptococcosis'''''

Also Known As: '''''Enterococcosis — Streptococcosis'''''

Caused By: ''Streptococcus alactolyticus — S. bovis — S. dysgalactiae — S. equi — S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus — S. gallylyticus — S. mutans — S. pleomorphus — [[Streptococcus suis|S. suis]] — Enterococcus avium — E. caecorum — E. columbae — [[Enterococcus faecalis|E. faecalis]] — E. durans — E. gallinarum — E. hirae — E. mundtii''

Most commonly isolated: ''S. dysgalactiae — S. equi — S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus — S. bovis/S. gallylyticus — S. gallinaceus — S. mutans — S. pluranimalium — [[Streptococcus suis|S. suis]] — Enterococcus avium — E. cecorum — E. columbae — [[Enterococcus faecalis|E. faecalis]] — E. faecium — E. durans — E. gallinarum — E. hirae''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Streptococcal and enterococcal infections in poultry can cause '''acute septicaemia and chronic infections''' in affected birds.

Streptococcal and enterococcal infections in poultry can cause '''acute septicaemia and chronic infections''' in affected birds.

There are '''~40 recognised members of the [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus'' genus]] and 17 of ''Enterococcus'' spp.''' all are '''commensal organisms''', primarily of the [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] tract and mucosal surfaces, in both animals and humans. Some are also ubiquitous in the environment.  

There are '''~50 recognised members of the [[Streptococci|''Streptococcus'' genus]] and 21 of ''Enterococcus'' spp.''' all are '''commensal organisms''', primarily of the [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal]] tract and mucosal surfaces, in both animals and humans. Some are also ubiquitous in the environment.  

The majority of infections from these pathogens are '''opportunistic.'''

The majority of infections from these pathogens are '''opportunistic.'''

There does '''not appear to be any zoonotic risk''' to humans from ingestion or infected birds with these infections, with the exception of ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' which is rare in birds and more commonly acquired from pigs. There are however concerns regarding the spread of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci '''(VRE)''' to humans from poultry.

There does '''not appear to be any zoonotic risk''' to humans from ingestion of infected birds with these infections, with the exception of ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' which is rare in birds and more commonly acquired from pigs. There are however concerns regarding the spread of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci '''(VRE)''' to humans from poultry.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Many other species not discussed here have been isolated from healthy birds and are thought to be non-pathogenic.

Many other species not discussed here have been isolated from healthy birds and are thought to be non-pathogenic.

====''S. gallolyticus''====

====''S. gallolyticus''====

====''S.mutans''====

====''S.mutans''====

'''Septicaemia and mortality in geese'''.<ref> Ivanics, é., Bitay, Z., Glávits, R (1984) '''Streptococcus mutans infection in geese.''' ''Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja'', 39(2):92-95; [5 fig.]; 20</ref>

'''Septicaemia and mortality in geese'''.<ref> Ivanics, é., Bitay, Z., Glávits, R (1984) '''Streptococcus mutans infection in geese.''' ''Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja'', 39(2):92-95; [5 fig.]; 20</ref>

====''S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus''====

====''S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus''====

''E. durans'' can cause '''bacteraemia and encephalomalacia in young chicks'''.<ref> Cardona, C. J., Bickford, A. A., Charlton, B. R., Cooper, G. L (1993) '''Enterococcus durans infection in young chickens associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia'''. ''Avian Diseases'', 37(1):234-239; 9</ref> ''E. hirae'' can also cause similar brain lesions.<ref> Randall, C. J., Wood, A. M., MacKenzie, G (1993) '''Encephalomalacia in first-week chicks'''. ''Veterinary Record'', 132(16):418; 2</ref>

''E. durans'' can cause '''bacteraemia and encephalomalacia in young chicks'''.<ref> Cardona, C. J., Bickford, A. A., Charlton, B. R., Cooper, G. L (1993) '''Enterococcus durans infection in young chickens associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia'''. ''Avian Diseases'', 37(1):234-239; 9</ref> ''E. hirae'' can also cause similar brain lesions.<ref> Randall, C. J., Wood, A. M., MacKenzie, G (1993) '''Encephalomalacia in first-week chicks'''. ''Veterinary Record'', 132(16):418; 2</ref>

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

The pathogens can then be cultured on sheep or ox '''blood agar, selective blood agar or MacConkey''' agar. Serological Lancefield testing can also be performed on beta haemolytic colonies.

The pathogens can then be cultured on sheep or ox '''blood agar, selective blood agar or MacConkey''' agar. Serological Lancefield testing can also be performed on beta haemolytic colonies.

The organism can often be visualised in microscopic sections as generic gram positive cocci.

The organism can often be visualised in microscopic sections as generic gram positive cocci.

|date =6 July 2011

|date =6 July 2011

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[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]] [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Birds]] [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Cardiology Section]]