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[[File:Headpalp.png|thumb|Landmarks, Superficial anatomy of the head]]

'''Dorsal neck''':

'''Dorsal neck''':

'''Dorsal head'''

'''Dorsal head'''

* Palpate the external occipital protuberance and rostrally along the medial occipital crest medially between the muscle masses of m temporalis on each side.

* Palpate the external occipital protuberance and rostrally along the medial occipital crest medially between the muscle masses of m temporalis on each side.

* Locate the mastoid process of the petrous temporal bone near the external auditory meatus.  At this level, the zygomatic arch leads rostrally to the orbit.  The rim of the orbit is bony, expect caudally where it is completed by the orbital ligament.  This ligament, however feels hard and indistinguishable from bone.

* Locate the mastoid process of the petrous temporal bone near the external auditory meatus.  At this level, the zygomatic arch leads rostrally to the orbit.  The rim of the orbit is bony, except caudally where it is completed by the orbital ligament.  This ligament, however feels hard and indistinguishable from bone.

* Over the bony surface of the maxilla, palpate the infraorbital vessels and nerve, and caudally to where they emerge from the infraorbital foramen.   

* Over the bony surface of the maxilla, palpate the infraorbital vessels and nerve, and caudally to where they emerge from the infraorbital foramen.   

* The rim of the osseous nasal opening is formed by the incisive bone laterally and the nasal bone dorsally.  The nasal cartilages form the sides of the nasal vestibule.   

* The rim of the osseous nasal opening is formed by the incisive bone laterally and the nasal bone dorsally.  The nasal cartilages form the sides of the nasal vestibule.   

* Rostral to the rostral edge of m masseter, the bony ventral border of the mandible is palpable.  The mandibles meet medially at a mandibular notch ventrally.  Caudal to this, locate the mental foramen.

* Rostral to the rostral edge of m masseter, the bony ventral border of the mandible is palpable.  The mandibles meet medially at a mandibular notch ventrally.  Caudal to this, locate the mental foramen.

 

===The forelimb===

==The forelimb==

[[File:Forelimbpalp.png|thumb|Landmarks, Superficial anatomy of the forelimb]]

[[File:Forelimbpalp.png|thumb|Landmarks, Superficial anatomy of the forelimb]]

'''Scapula'''

'''Scapula'''

*Locate the accessory carpal bone and compare its mobility with the carpal joint flexed and extended.  With the joint extended, feel the tension in the tendon attaching to it proximally, (m ulnaris lateralis) and the ligament attaching to it distally (accessoriometacarpal ligament).  These are part of the mechanism preventing overextension (dorsal flexion) of the carpus and enabling the dog to be digitigrade.

*Locate the accessory carpal bone and compare its mobility with the carpal joint flexed and extended.  With the joint extended, feel the tension in the tendon attaching to it proximally, (m ulnaris lateralis) and the ligament attaching to it distally (accessoriometacarpal ligament).  These are part of the mechanism preventing overextension (dorsal flexion) of the carpus and enabling the dog to be digitigrade.

 

===The hindlimb===

==The hindlimb==

[[File:Hindlimbpalp.png|thumb|Landmarks, Superficial anatomy of the hindlimb]]

[[File:Hindlimbpalp.png|thumb|Landmarks, Superficial anatomy of the hindlimb]]

'''Dorsal'''

'''Dorsal'''

'''Hip joint'''

'''Hip joint'''

*Locate the greater trochanter of the femur.  This and the ischiatic tuberosity are used to asses the movements of the hip joint.  Push a finger between them and alternately flex and estend, abduct and adduct, and rotate the hip, while holding the dog in such a way as to ensure that only one hip joint is being moved.  Only gliding is not possible.

*Locate the greater trochanter of the femur.  This and the ischiatic tuberosity are used to assess the movements of the hip joint.  Push a finger between them and alternately flex and extend, abduct and adduct, and rotate the hip, while holding the dog in such a way as to ensure that only one hip joint is being moved.  Only gliding is not possible.

'''Medial thigh'''

'''Medial thigh'''

*Locate the prominent insertion of m pectineus on to the pubis.  Press a finger into the depression crnial to this to feel the pulse of the femoral artery.  This is the most convenient place to assess the pulse of the dog.

*Locate the prominent insertion of m pectineus on to the pubis.  Press a finger into the depression cranial to this to feel the pulse of the femoral artery.  This is the most convenient place to assess the pulse of the dog.

'''Stifle joint'''

'''Stifle joint'''

*Ascertain that a small degree of rotation is possible.  Ensure that you eliminate hip rotation from this assessment.

*Ascertain that a small degree of rotation is possible.  Ensure that you eliminate hip rotation from this assessment.

*Try to glide the tibia cranially and caudally with respect to the femur.  This procedure assesses the integrity of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments respectively.

*Try to glide the tibia cranially and caudally with respect to the femur.  This procedure assesses the integrity of the cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments respectively.

*Lcate the popliteal fossa between mm biceps femoris and semitendinosus.  The popliteal lymph node is palpable within this fossa if enlarged.

*Locate the popliteal fossa between mm biceps femoris and semitendinosus.  The popliteal lymph node is palpable within this fossa if enlarged.

'''Hock joint'''

'''Hock joint'''

*Flex and extend the hock joint and note that the joint surfaces are angled so that the pes is abducted as the hock is extended.

*Flex and extend the hock joint and note that the joint surfaces are angled so that the pes is abducted as the hock is extended.

*Attempt adduction and abduction, rotation and gliding, none of which is possible.

*Attempt adduction and abduction, rotation and gliding, none of which is possible.