Changes

{{review}}

{{OpenPagesTop}}

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

== Clinical Signs ==

== Clinical Signs ==

May vary depending on severity but include lethargy, cyanosis, stunted growth, exercise intolerance, syncope and [[Seizure|seizures]].  

May vary depending on severity but include lethargy, cyanosis, stunted growth, exercise intolerance, syncope and [[Seizures|seizures]].  

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

History and clinical examination findings, plus physical examination findings. These will often include a systolic murmur (over left heart base): due to pulmonic stenosis, a systolic murmur (over right sternal boarder): due to ventricular septal defect and a precordial thrill (palpable over both areas). <br>

History and clinical examination findings, plus physical examination findings. These will often include a systolic [[Heart Murmurs|murmur]] (over left heart base): due to pulmonic stenosis, a systolic murmur (over right sternal border): due to ventricular septal defect and a precordial thrill (palpable over both areas).  

Radiographs of the thorax qwill show Right Ventricular Hypertrophyand pulmonary underperfusion.  

Radiographs of the thorax will show right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary underperfusion.  

Echocardiographic findings will include structural abnormalities described and doppler will reveal the presence of a shunt and its abnormal blood flow.

Echocardiographic findings will include structural abnormalities described and doppler will reveal the presence of a shunt and its abnormal blood flow.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings will indicate righ ventricular enlargement by the presence of deep S-waves.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings will indicate right ventricular enlargement by the presence of deep S-waves.

 

== Treatment<br> ==

== Treatment ==

Surgical treatment options include open heart surgery for complete correction (rarely done in animals).  

Surgical treatment options include open heart surgery for complete correction (rarely done in animals).  

Palliative Surgery includes anastamosis of either the ascending aorta or subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery improves pulmonary blood flow.

Palliative surgery includes anastamosis of either the ascending aorta or subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery improves pulmonary blood flow.  

 

Medical options include exercise restriction,phlebotomy (bleeding): helps to reduce blood viscosity and improve oxygen delivery to the tissues by maintaining PCV below 65% and Beta-blockers: reduce shunting and protect the heart from hypertrophy.

== Prognosis ==

== Prognosis ==

Guarded, but depends on the severity of defects and the level of polycythemia.

Guarded, but depends on the severity of defects and the level of polycythemia.

Without Treatment: Animals will live only a couple of years with poor exercise tolerance, with treatment: Animals can live up to seven years.

Without treatment, animals will live only a couple of years with poor exercise tolerance. With treatment, animals can live up to seven years.

== References ==

== References ==

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company<br>Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)W.B. Saunders Company<br>Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition) Mosby Elsevier <br><br>

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company