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− | ===Tick-borne fever===
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| + | Also Known As: '''''Pasture Fever''''' — '''''Tickborne Fever''''' — '''''Ruminant Anaplasmosis''''' — '''''TBF''''' |
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− | *Caused by ''E. phagocytophila'' which has now been renamed as ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum''
| + | Caused By: '''''Anaplasma phagocytophilum''''', previously known as '''''Ehrlichia phagocytophila''''' |
− | *Affects ruminants in Europe
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− | *The tick ''Ixodes ricinis'' is the main vector
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− | *Animals remain carriers for up to 2 years, but are immune to reinfection
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− | *Clinical signs
| + | ==Introduction== |
− | **Incubation period of 2 weeks; recovery in 2 weeks
| + | [[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Rickettsia'' spp. inside tick haemolymph cells. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons]] |
− | **Fever, anorexia, reduced growth rates in young animals
| + | [[File:Swollen tick-SteveFE.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Ixodes'' tick. Sourced from Wikimedia commons]] |
− | **Reduced milk production, abortion, still birth
| + | Tick Borne Fever is a '''[[Rickettsiales |rickettsial]]''' disease affecting the '''[[Leucocytes |white blood cells]]''' of sheep and cattle, causing '''anaemia''' and seasonal “pasture fever”. |
− | **Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
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− | **Causes immunosuppression in young lambs causing susceptibility to tick pyaemia and louping ill
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− | *Diagnosis
| + | Seasonal pasture fever occurs in cattle that are returned to tick infected pasture in the Spring. |
− | **Intracytoplasmic morulae in [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] of Giemsa-stained blood smears during acute phase
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− | **Seroconversion detected by immunofluorescence
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− | *Treatment and control
| + | Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, the '''zoonotic''' form of TBF is a potentially '''fatal''' disease reported in the UK, Europe and USA. |
− | **Oxtetracycline
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− | **Tick control
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− | **Prophylactic tetracyclines for lambs during first few weeks of life
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− | ==Literature Search== | + | ==Signalment== |
− | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
| + | TBF naturally affects primarily sheep and cattle, and less commonly, deer, horses and dogs. |
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| + | ==Distribution== |
| + | TBF has worldwide distribution including the UK. It is transmitted by '''''[[Ixodes spp. |Ixodes]]''''' ticks. Both adults and nymphs can transmit the disease. Transmission is '''[[Tick Disease Transmission |trans-stadial]].''' |
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− | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation except for full text articles). | + | ==Clinical Signs== |
| + | TBF causes '''multisystemic''' disease, causing cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs, and also lymphadenopathy and wasting disease. |
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| + | '''Severe haematological changes''' including profound [[:Category:Anaemia|'''anaemia''']] and '''leucopaenia''' cause significant clinical signs. |
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| + | Initial [[lymphocytopaenia]] and '''prolonged [[neutropaenia]]''' are also features of TBF. |
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| + | A profound '''[[eosinophilia]]''' will occur for 17-20 days post-infection. <ref>Miert, A. S. J. P. A. Mvan., Duin, C. T. Mvan., Schotman, A. J. H., Franssen, F. F. (1984) '''Clinical, haematological and blood biochemical changes in goats after experimental infection with tick-borne fever. '''''Vet Parasitology, ''16(3/4):225-233; 29 </ref> |
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| + | Low serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and decreased zinc, iron and albumin are also common biochemical findings, along with high [[urea]], [[creatinine]] and [[bilirubin]]. |
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| + | Recovered animals develop immunity but it is unknown how long this is effective for. |
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| + | ==Diagnosis== |
| + | Haematological and Biochemical changes as listed above along with '''marked pyrexia''' are highly suggestive, especially if historical findings are conducive. |
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| + | Demonstration of the '''organism''' in the '''[[Leucocytes |leucocytes]]''' in peripheral blood is confirmative. |
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| + | On '''post-mortem''' examination, the '''[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]''' is enlarged and mild liver damage is common. Lesions within the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|'''lung''']] are present and contain mononuclear infiltrate on histopathology. Thickening, ulceration and haemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract become worse distally. |
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| + | The parasites may be visible within the neutrophils in sections of liver and lung. |
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| + | Antibodies can be detected using [[FAT|'''Indirect Immunofluorescence''' (IFAT)]], '''[[Complement Fixation]]''' and Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). |
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| + | ==Treatment== |
| + | ''A. phagocytophilum'' is susceptible to '''oxytetracycline, sulphamethazine, sulphadimidine, doxycycline''' and '''trimethoprim-sulphonamides'''. |
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| + | ==Control== |
| + | [[Tick Control|Control of the tick vector ]]is expensive but effective. |
| + | Use of [[Ectoparasiticides |ectoparasiticides]] and tick resistant breeds is also valuable. |
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| + | ==Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis== |
| + | Causes fever, malaise, headaches, sweats, nausea, confusion, anorexia, vomiting, weakness, diarrhoea, pneumonia, vertigo, seizures, GI bleeding and a skin rash.<ref>Bakken, J. S., Krueth, J., Tilden, R. L., Dumler, J. S., Kristiansen, B. E. (1996). '''Serological evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Norway. '''''Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis,'' 15(10):829-832; 12</ref> |
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| + | {{Learning |
| + | |flashcards = [[Tick-Borne Fever Flashcards]] |
| + | }} |
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| + | ==References== |
| + | <references/> |
| + | {{CABI source |
| + | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61126&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 tick-borne fever] |
| + | |date = 6 June 2011 |
| + | }} |
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− | [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115234.pdf ''' Tick-borne disease testing: canine erhlichiosis and anaplasmosis.''' Alleman, R.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 629-631 - '''Full Text Article''']
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| + | {{review}} |
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| + | {{OpenPages}} |
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| [[Category:Rickettsiales]][[Category:Cattle Bacteria]][[Category:Sheep Bacteria]][[Category:Goat Bacteria]] | | [[Category:Rickettsiales]][[Category:Cattle Bacteria]][[Category:Sheep Bacteria]][[Category:Goat Bacteria]] |
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