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− | Also Known As – '''''Pasture Fever''''' – '''''Tickborne Fever''''' – '''''Ruminant Anaplasmosis''''' – '''''TBF''''' | + | {{OpenPagesTop}} |
| + | Also Known As: '''''Pasture Fever''''' — '''''Tickborne Fever''''' — '''''Ruminant Anaplasmosis''''' — '''''TBF''''' |
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− | Caused By – ''[[Anaplasma phagocytophila]]'', previously known as ''Ehrlichia phagocytophila'' | + | Caused By: '''''Anaplasma phagocytophilum''''', previously known as '''''Ehrlichia phagocytophila''''' |
− | ==Introduction== | + | |
− | Tick Borne Fever is a '''[[Rickettsiales | rickettsial]]'' disease affecting the '''[[Leucocytes | white blood cells]]''' of sheep and cattle, causing '''anaemia''' and seasonal “pasture fever”. | + | ==Introduction== |
| + | [[File:Anaplasmosis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Rickettsia'' spp. inside tick haemolymph cells. Sourced from Wikimedia Commons]] |
| + | [[File:Swollen tick-SteveFE.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Ixodes'' tick. Sourced from Wikimedia commons]] |
| + | Tick Borne Fever is a '''[[Rickettsiales |rickettsial]]''' disease affecting the '''[[Leucocytes |white blood cells]]''' of sheep and cattle, causing '''anaemia''' and seasonal “pasture fever”. |
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| Seasonal pasture fever occurs in cattle that are returned to tick infected pasture in the Spring. | | Seasonal pasture fever occurs in cattle that are returned to tick infected pasture in the Spring. |
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| Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, the '''zoonotic''' form of TBF is a potentially '''fatal''' disease reported in the UK, Europe and USA. | | Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, the '''zoonotic''' form of TBF is a potentially '''fatal''' disease reported in the UK, Europe and USA. |
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| ==Signalment== | | ==Signalment== |
| TBF naturally affects primarily sheep and cattle, and less commonly, deer, horses and dogs. | | TBF naturally affects primarily sheep and cattle, and less commonly, deer, horses and dogs. |
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| ==Distribution== | | ==Distribution== |
− | TBF has worldwide distribution including the UK. | + | TBF has worldwide distribution including the UK. It is transmitted by '''''[[Ixodes spp. |Ixodes]]''''' ticks. Both adults and nymphs can transmit the disease. Transmission is '''[[Tick Disease Transmission |trans-stadial]].''' |
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− | TBF is transmitted by '''[[Ixodes spp. | ixodes]]''' ticks. Both adults and nymphs can transmit disease.
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− | Transmission is '''[[Tick Disease Transmission | trans-stadial]].'''
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| ==Clinical Signs== | | ==Clinical Signs== |
| TBF causes '''multisystemic''' disease, causing cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs, and also lymphadenopathy and wasting disease. | | TBF causes '''multisystemic''' disease, causing cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs, and also lymphadenopathy and wasting disease. |
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− | '''Severe haematological changes''' including profound '''anaemia''' and '''leucopaenia''' cause significant clinical signs. | + | '''Severe haematological changes''' including profound [[:Category:Anaemia|'''anaemia''']] and '''leucopaenia''' cause significant clinical signs. |
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− | Initial lymphocytopaenia and '''prolonged neutropaenia''' are also features of TBF. | + | Initial [[lymphocytopaenia]] and '''prolonged [[neutropaenia]]''' are also features of TBF. |
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− | A profound '''eosinophilia''' will occur for 17-20 days post-infection. <ref>Miert, A. S. J. P. A. Mvan., Duin, C. T. Mvan., Schotman, A. J. H., Franssen, F. F.(1984). Clinical, haematological and blood biochemical changes in goats after experimental infection with tick-borne fever. Vet Parasitology, 16(3/4):225-233; 29 </ref> | + | A profound '''[[eosinophilia]]''' will occur for 17-20 days post-infection. <ref>Miert, A. S. J. P. A. Mvan., Duin, C. T. Mvan., Schotman, A. J. H., Franssen, F. F. (1984) '''Clinical, haematological and blood biochemical changes in goats after experimental infection with tick-borne fever. '''''Vet Parasitology, ''16(3/4):225-233; 29 </ref> |
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− | Low serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and decreased zinc, iron and albumin are also common biochemical findings, along with high urea, creatinine and bilirubin. | + | Low serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and decreased zinc, iron and albumin are also common biochemical findings, along with high [[urea]], [[creatinine]] and [[bilirubin]]. |
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| Recovered animals develop immunity but it is unknown how long this is effective for. | | Recovered animals develop immunity but it is unknown how long this is effective for. |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| Haematological and Biochemical changes as listed above along with '''marked pyrexia''' are highly suggestive, especially if historical findings are conducive. | | Haematological and Biochemical changes as listed above along with '''marked pyrexia''' are highly suggestive, especially if historical findings are conducive. |
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− | Demonstration of the '''organism''' in the '''[[Leucocytes | leucocytes]]''' in peripheral blood is confirmative. | + | Demonstration of the '''organism''' in the '''[[Leucocytes |leucocytes]]''' in peripheral blood is confirmative. |
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− | On '''post-mortem''' examination, the '''[[Spleen | spleen]]''' is enlarged and mild liver damage is common. | + | On '''post-mortem''' examination, the '''[[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]''' is enlarged and mild liver damage is common. Lesions within the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|'''lung''']] are present and contain mononuclear infiltrate on histopathology. Thickening, ulceration and haemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract become worse distally. |
− | Lesions within the '''lung''' are present and contain mononuclear infiltrate on histopathology. | |
− | Thickening, ulceration and haemorrhage of the gastrointestinal tract become worse distally. | |
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| The parasites may be visible within the neutrophils in sections of liver and lung. | | The parasites may be visible within the neutrophils in sections of liver and lung. |
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− | Antibodies can be detected using '''Indirect Immunofluorescence''' (IFAT), '''Complement Fixation''' and Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). | + | Antibodies can be detected using [[FAT|'''Indirect Immunofluorescence''' (IFAT)]], '''[[Complement Fixation]]''' and Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
− | ''E. phagocytophila'' is susceptible to '''oxytetracycline, sulphamethazine, sulphadimidine, doxycycline''' and '''trimethoprim-sulphonamides'''. | + | ''A. phagocytophilum'' is susceptible to '''oxytetracycline, sulphamethazine, sulphadimidine, doxycycline''' and '''trimethoprim-sulphonamides'''. |
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| ==Control== | | ==Control== |
− | Control of the [[Ticks | tick]] vector is expensive but effective. | + | [[Tick Control|Control of the tick vector ]]is expensive but effective. |
− | Use of [[Ectoparasiticides | ectoparasiticides]] and tick resistant breeds is also valuable. | + | Use of [[Ectoparasiticides |ectoparasiticides]] and tick resistant breeds is also valuable. |
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| ==Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis== | | ==Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis== |
− | Causes fever, malaise, headaches, sweats, nausea, confusion, anorexia, vomiting, weakness, diarrhoea, pneumonia, vertigo, seizures, GI bleeding and a skin rash.<ref>Bakken, J. S., Krueth, J., Tilden, R. L., Dumler, J. S., Kristiansen, B. E.(1996). Serological evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Norway. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis, 15(10):829-832; 12</ref> | + | Causes fever, malaise, headaches, sweats, nausea, confusion, anorexia, vomiting, weakness, diarrhoea, pneumonia, vertigo, seizures, GI bleeding and a skin rash.<ref>Bakken, J. S., Krueth, J., Tilden, R. L., Dumler, J. S., Kristiansen, B. E. (1996). '''Serological evidence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Norway. '''''Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis,'' 15(10):829-832; 12</ref> |
− | ==References==
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− | <references/>
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− | Animal Health & ProductIon Compendium, '''Tick Borne Fever datasheet''', accessed 06/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
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− | ==Literature Search== | + | {{Learning |
− | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]] | + | |flashcards = [[Tick-Borne Fever Flashcards]] |
| + | }} |
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− | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation except for full text articles).
| + | ==References== |
| + | <references/> |
| + | {{CABI source |
| + | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61126&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 tick-borne fever] |
| + | |date = 6 June 2011 |
| + | }} |
| <br><br><br> | | <br><br><br> |
− | [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115234.pdf ''' Tick-borne disease testing: canine erhlichiosis and anaplasmosis.''' Alleman, R.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 629-631 - '''Full Text Article''']
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| + | {{review}} |
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| + | {{OpenPages}} |
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| [[Category:Rickettsiales]][[Category:Cattle Bacteria]][[Category:Sheep Bacteria]][[Category:Goat Bacteria]] | | [[Category:Rickettsiales]][[Category:Cattle Bacteria]][[Category:Sheep Bacteria]][[Category:Goat Bacteria]] |
− | [[Category:To Do - Steph]] | + | [[Category:Zoonoses]] |
| + | [[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] |
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| + | [[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Sheep]] |
| + | [[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Sheep]] |
| + | [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]] |
| + | [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Sheep]] |
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