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Also known as: '''''Torovirus Infections — Berne Virus — BEV — Breda Virus — BRV — Bovine Torovirus — BoTV — Equine Torovirus — ETV — Prototype Berne Virus — Porcine Torovirus'''''.
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name =''Scientific Classification''
|name = Toroviruses
|kingdom = Virus
|kingdom = Virus
|sub-order =
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|super-family =
|family = Coronaviridae
|family = [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]]
|sub-family =
|sub-family =
|genus = Torovirus
|genus = Torovirus
|species = Toroviruses
|species = Toroviruses
}}
}}
==Introduction==
[[File:Torovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron Micrograph of Torovirus particles]]
Toroviruses are relatively new viruses belonging to the family [[:Category:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]]. They are enveloped positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses that are pleomorphic, 120-140 nm in diameter and are relatively stable in acid or alkaline environment between pH 2.5-10. Toroviruses have been isolated from horses (Equine torovirus, ETV, prototype Berne virus) and calves with diarrhoea (bovine torovirus, BoTV, prototype Breda virus).
==Signalment==
Hosts include cattle, zebu, goats, horses, sheep, pigs, lagomorphs, rodents, domestic cats and humans.
==Clinical Signs==
The disease causes diarrhoea, pyrexia, dehydration, lethargy and depression in all ages of cattle. In calves it causes anorexia, mucoid faeces and the following neurological signs; generalised weakness, paralysis, inability to stand, trembling and sudden death. It can also cause respiratory problems such as laryngitis, tracheitis and pneumonia. Young, colostrum-deprived calves are particularly at risk.
In cats, diarrhoea and protruding nictitating membranes have been associated with feline torovirus infections.
Pigs can shed the torovirus without showing any symptoms of disease <ref name=" Kroneman et al., 1998">Kroneman, A., Cornelissen, L.A.H.M., Horzinek, M.C., Groot, R.J.de., Egberink, H.F., (1998) '''Identification and characterization of a porcine torovirus'''. ''Journal of Virology'', 72(5):3507-3511; 35 ref.</ref>.
==Epidemiology==
Toroviruses are found in many species but little is known about the transmission or interspecies transmission of the virus. It is presumed that they are spread via the faecal-oral route and through subclinical or chronically infected cattle <ref name=" Koopmans and Horzinek, 1994"> Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M.C., (1994) '''Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review'''. ''Advances in Virus Research'', 43:233-273; many ref. </ref>.
The Berne virus (BEV) has been found in horses; whereas the Breda virus (BRV) is found in cattle of which there are two serotypes; BRV 1 and 2. Breda virus in cattle can be detected in the dome epithelium and enterocytes of the intestines and differentiate within the epithelial cells of the villi; interrupting the animal's absorptive capacity, although not as dramatically as the [[Rotaviruses|rotavirus]].
==Distribution==
'''Worldwide''' in cattle and horses.
==Diagnosis==
Diagnostic methods include a combination of electron microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy (IEM), [[Agglutination|haemagglutination]] inhibition or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]]. Toroviruses can be differentiated from coronaviruses by using IEM <ref name="Woode, 1987">Woode, G.N., (1987). '''Breda and Breda-like viruses: diagnosis, pathology and epidemiology. Novel diarrhoea viruses'''., 175-191; ''Ciba Foundation Symposium 128''; 23 ref.</ref>.
Villus fusion and atrophy and thinning of intestinal wall can be seen on post-mortem.
==Treatment==
There is no specific treatment. Animals can be supported with fluids to prevent dehydration as a result of the episodes of diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics. Culture and sensitivity is recommended.
==Control==
Isolation of infected animals and good hygiene and sanitary measures may help reduce the spread of the disease.
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==References==
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61308&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 toroviruses] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=61309&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 torovirus infections]
|date = 19 June 2011
}}
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[[Category:Coronaviridae]]
[[Category:Horse Viruses]]
[[Category:Cattle Viruses]]
[[Category:Pig Viruses]]
[[Category:Cat Viruses]]
[[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Small Intestinal Diseases - Horse]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]
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