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Total protein (view source)

Revision as of 15:58, 28 April 2022

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Total protein in normal reptiles generally varies between 30 and 80g/l.Hypoproteinaemia is often associated with malnutrition. Other causes include malabsorption, maldigestion (e.g. intestinal parasitism), protein losing enteropathies, severe blood loss and chronic hepatic or [[Lizard and Snake Renal Disease|renal disease]].
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== Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins ==
 
== Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins ==
 
Serum proteins vary widely in their size, structure and function. Abnormal levels of proteins are termed dysproteinaemias. Total protein and albumin concentrations are determined and the globulin concentration arrived at by subtraction. Total protein levels are affected by physiological as well as pathological factors. Total protein levels are low in neonates rising to adult levels by 6 months to 1 year of age. Serum total protein levels are approximately 5% less than those of plasma due to the loss of fibrinogen in the clotting process.
 
Serum proteins vary widely in their size, structure and function. Abnormal levels of proteins are termed dysproteinaemias. Total protein and albumin concentrations are determined and the globulin concentration arrived at by subtraction. Total protein levels are affected by physiological as well as pathological factors. Total protein levels are low in neonates rising to adult levels by 6 months to 1 year of age. Serum total protein levels are approximately 5% less than those of plasma due to the loss of fibrinogen in the clotting process.
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'''Small animals'''. The details shown in the table below provide information for the interpretation of small animal protein electrophoresis. There is currently a great deal of interest in quantitative measurement of individual acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and α-1-acid glycoprotein to assist in the diagnosis of non-specific acute inflammatory disease and conditions such as FIP.
 
'''Small animals'''. The details shown in the table below provide information for the interpretation of small animal protein electrophoresis. There is currently a great deal of interest in quantitative measurement of individual acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein and α-1-acid glycoprotein to assist in the diagnosis of non-specific acute inflammatory disease and conditions such as FIP.
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Electrophoretogram
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== References ==
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Total Protein, Albumin and Globulins References: [[NationWide Laboratories]]
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'''Electrophoretogram'''
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[[File:NWL 2016 Labfacts Electrophoretogram.png|frameless|330x330px]]
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[[File:NWL_2016_Labfacts_Electrophoretogram_2.png|alt=|frameless|362x362px]]
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{|
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!Index
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!Band
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!Rel. Area
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!Conc. (g/l)
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|-
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|1
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|Albumin
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|43.84%
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|35.07
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|-
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|2
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|Alpha 1
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|4.12%
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|3.30
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|-
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|3
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|Alpha 2
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|5.18%
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|4.15
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|-
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|4
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|Beta
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|11.28%
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|9.02
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|-
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|5
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|Gamma
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|35.58%
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|28.46
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|-
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|'''Total'''
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|
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|
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|'''80.00'''
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|}
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Interpretation of dysproteinaemias based on the A:G ratio and the protein electrophoresis profile (Kaneko, Jiro J et al. 2008; Parry, BW (ed.) 2008).
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{| class="wikitable"
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!A:G Ratio
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!Abnormalities
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!Causes
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|-
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! rowspan="2" |Normal (normal electrophoresis trace)
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|Hyperproteinaemia
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|Dehydration
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|-
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|Hypoproteinaemia
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|Overhydration Acute blood loss
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External plasma loss: extravasation from burns, abrasions, exudative lesions, exudative dermatopathies, external parasites, gastrointestinal disease, diarrhoea.
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Internal plasma loss: gastrointestinal disease, internal parasites
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|-
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! rowspan="7" |Decreased
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|Hypoalbuminaemia
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|Selective loss of albumin: glomerulonephropathies, nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome, gastrointestinal disease, internal parasites.
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Decreased synthesis of albumin: chronic liver disease, malnutrition, chronic inflammatory disease
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|-
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|Increased α1-globulins
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|Acute inflammatory disease: α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein (FIP, FIV)
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|-
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|Increased α2–globulins
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|Acute inflammatory disease: α2-macroglobulin, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin
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Severe active hepatitis: α2-macroglobulin
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Acute nephritis: α2-macroglobulin
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Nephrotic syndrome: α2 -macroglobulin, α2 -lipoprotein (VLDL)
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|-
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|Increased β-globulin
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|Acute hepatitis: transferrin, hemopexin
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Nephrotic syndrome: β2-lipoprotein (LDL), transferrin
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Suppurative dermatopathies: IgM, C3
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|-
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|β-γ bridging
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|Chronic active hepatitis: IgA, IgM
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|-
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|Increased γ-globulin (broad increases)
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- polyclonal gammopathies (broad increases): IgG, IgM, IgA
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|Chronic inflammatory disease, infectious disease, collagen disease
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Chronic hepatitis
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Hepatic abscess
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Suppurative disease: feline infectious dermatitis, suppurative dermatitis, tuberculosis
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Immune-mediated disease: immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopaenia, Aleutian disease of mink, equine infectious anaemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune polyarthritis, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, autoimmune dermatitis, allergies
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Lymphoma
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|-
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|Increased γ-globulin (sharp increases)
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- monoclonal gammopathies (sharp increases): IgG, IgM, IgA
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|Lymphoma
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Plasma cell dyscrasias: multiple myeloma, Aleutian disease of mink
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Macroglobulinaemia
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Benign, nonpathologic
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|-
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! rowspan="2" |Increased
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|Increased albumin
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|Dehydration
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|-
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|Decreased globulins
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|Precolostral neonate
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Combined immunodeficiency of Arabian foals
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Aglobulinaemia
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|}
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'''Equine'''. Much of the information in the previous table also applies to horses but the α1-globulin fraction has no known significance. Common causes of elevations in the other fractions are:
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'''α2-globulin'''. High levels are associated with tissue damage such as infection and abscess formation. In the latter the γ-globulins may also be elevated.
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'''β1-globulin'''. High levels have been associated with intestinal larval pathology. However this is not a consistent finding in all cases and can be normal even when larvae are present.
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'''β2-globulin'''. High levels can be due to intestinal larval pathology as well as some cases of hepatopathy. In the latter changes would be expected to occur in serum liver enzymes. Monoclonal peaks can occur in horses with lymphoma or plasma cell myeloma.
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'''γ -globulin.''' Because this includes IgG, rises are seen with antibody responses to infection. Monoclonal peaks can occur in horses with lymphoma or plasma cell myeloma.
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Test Codes - Please visit [https://www.nwlabs.co.uk/ www.nwlabs.co.uk] or see our current price list for more information
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== Authors & References ==
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[[NationWide Laboratories]]
 
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
 
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
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[[Category:Clinical Chemistry|ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS]]
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