Changes

Also Known As:''''' Trichomoniasis — Tritrichomonosis — Tritrichomoniasis — [[Tritrichomonas foetus]] — Trichomonad Abortion — Genital Trichomonosis'''''

Also Known As:''''' Trichomoniasis — Tritrichomonosis — Tritrichomoniasis — [[Tritrichomonas foetus]] — Trichomonad Abortion — Genital Trichomonosis'''''

Disease is most common among extensively grazing systems and is only present in herds using  natural service.  

Disease is most common among extensively grazing systems and is only present in herds using  natural service.  

''T. foetus'' is extremely rare in exclusively artificially inseminated units, but will survive both freezing to -196⁰C and antibiotics used in semen extenders, so proper hygiene and extensive testing of donor bulls is imperative.

''T. foetus'' is extremely rare in exclusively artificially inseminated units, and may survive both freezing to -196⁰C and antibiotics used in semen extenders, so proper hygiene and extensive testing of donor bulls is imperative.

Bull age is the most important risk factor for infection with infection much more likely in animals over 3 years old. This is due to the maturation of the crypts in the epithelium of the reproductive tract which the protozoa resides in in carrier animals. Older bulls are often chronic carriers for the remainder of their lives. Young bulls are much more likely to spontaneously clear infection and thus trophozoites are short-lived.

Bull age is the most important risk factor for infection with infection much more likely in animals over 3 years old. This is due to the maturation of the crypts in the epithelium of the reproductive tract which the protozoa resides in in carrier animals. Older bulls are often chronic carriers for the remainder of their lives. Young bulls are much more likely to spontaneously clear infection and thus trophozoites are short-lived.

Occasionally, post-coital pyometra may be seen, presenting as a vaginal discharge or flocculated uterine fluid on a routine fertility examination.

Occasionally, post-coital pyometra may be seen, presenting as a vaginal discharge or flocculated uterine fluid on a routine fertility examination.

Infection is usually transient, lasting 8-18 weeks <ref>Skirrow, S.Z., BonDurant, R.H. (1990)'''Induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef heifers.''' J Am Vet Med Assoc, 196(6):885-889; 25</ref>

Infection is usually transient, lasting 8-18 weeks. <ref>Skirrow, S.Z., BonDurant, R.H. (1990) '''Induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef heifers.''' J Am Vet Med Assoc, 196(6):885-889; 25</ref>

Less than 0.1% cows will become carriers. <ref>Skirrow, S.(1987) '''Identification of trichomonad-carrier cows'''.J Am Vet Med Assoc, 191(5):553-554;6</ref>

Less than 0.1% cows will become carriers. <ref>Skirrow, S. (1987) '''Identification of trichomonad-carrier cows'''.J Am Vet Med Assoc, 191(5):553-554;6</ref>

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Only bulls are usually treated.

Only bulls are usually treated. However, known carriers are usually culled.

Treatments of choice which are proven to be effective in vivo are '''acriflavine ointment''' applied topically to the glans penis, shaft and prepuce and '''nitromidazole''' compound given orally or topically in solution.  

Treatment may be given topically such as with '''acriflavine ointment''' applied topically to the glans penis, shaft and prepuce with or without '''imidazole''' compounds in the solution. However, topical treatment has obvious practical difficulties. Imidazoles (e.g. metranidazole) may also be given orally or intravenously which is more effective and easier to administer. However, note that imidazoles are illegal in food animals in some countries, including the UK, and that precautions should be taken when applying acriflavine due to its staining and irritant nature.

 

Note that nitromidazoles are illegal in food animals in some countries and that precautions should be taken when applying acriflavine due to its staining and irritant nature.

==Control==

==Control==

Implementation of artificial insemination where possible should replace natural service on infected farms.

Implementation of artificial insemination where possible should replace natural service on infected farms.

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium. '''Trichomonosis datasheet''', accessed 02/06/2010 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

|date = October 16, 2011}}

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Reproductive System - Pathology]]

[[Category:Reproductive System - Pathology]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]

[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]