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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (retina, uvea and sclera)|uvea]].
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#The Wall (retina, uvea and sclera)|uvea]]. Various parts of the uvea, aqueous humour and vitreous are continuous, and uveitis often involves '''many ocular structures'''. The retina and choroid are adjacent and are frequently inflamed together.
Various parts of the uvea, aqueous humour and vitreous are continuous, and uveitis often involves '''many ocular structures'''.
The retina and choroid are adjacent and are frequently inflamed together.
''Anterior uveitis'' referes to inflammation of the iris and ciliary body whereas ''posterior uveitis'' refers to inflammation of the choroid.
''Anterior uveitis'' referes to inflammation of the iris and ciliary body whereas ''posterior uveitis'' refers to inflammation of the choroid.
==Causes==
==Causes==
<div style="float: left; width: 50%">
<b><big>Cats</big></b>
<br>
'''Infectious causes''':
'''Infectious causes''':
:[[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]]
:[[Feline Infectious Peritonitis]]
:[[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|Toxoplasmosis]]
:[[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|Toxoplasmosis]]
:''Bartonella'' spp
:''Bartonella'' spp
:Systemic mycoses (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis)
:[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses|Systemic mycoses]] (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis)
'''Neoplasia''': [[Lymphoma]], melanoma
'''Neoplasia''': [[Lymphoma]], melanoma
'''Metabolic causes''': hypertension, coagulopathies
'''Metabolic causes''': [[Systemic Hypertension|hypertension]], [[:Category:Coagulation Defects|coagulopathies]]
'''Immune-mediated''': cataract, phagoclastic uveitis, vasculitis
'''Immune-mediated''': cataract, phagoclastic uveitis, [[vasculitis]]
'''Trauma''': blunt or penetrating injuries, corneal foreign bodies
'''Trauma''': blunt or penetrating injuries, corneal foreign bodies
'''Idiopathic'''
'''Idiopathic'''
</div><div style="float: left; width: 50%">
<b><big>Dogs</big></b>
<br>
'''Infectious causes''':
:''[[Brucella canis]]''
:''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]''
:''[[Leptospira]]''
:Septicaemia of any cause
:''[[Leishmania]]''
:[[Toxoplasmosis - Cat and Dog|''Toxoplasma'']]
:''[[Ehrlichia canis]]''
:''[[Rickettsia rickettsii]]''
:[[:Category:Adenoviridae|Adenovirus]] infection
:[[Distemper]] virus
:[[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Herpes virus]]
:[[Rabies]]
:[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses|Systemic mycoses]] (cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis..)
'''Neoplastic and paraneoplastic disorders''': histiocytic proliferative disease, hyperviscosity syndrome, [[GME]], primary (melanoma) and secondary (lymphoma) neoplasms.
'''Metabolic causes''': [[Diabetes Mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]], hyperlipidaemia, [[Systemic Hypertension|systemic hypertension]]
'''Immune-mediated''': cataracts, [[Immune Mediated Thrombocytopaenia|immune-mediated thrombocytopenia]], immune-mediated vasculitis, phacoclastic uveitis, [[Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome|uveodermatologic syndrome]]
'''Miscellaneous''': drug-induced, idiopathic, pigmentary uveitis in the Golden Retriever, radiation therapy, trauma, toxaemia of any cause, ulcerative keratitis
</div>
==Clinical signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Animals will usually present because the owner has noticed a change in one or both eyes. There is usually a '''colour change''', cloudy or red most commonly.
The condition may be '''unilateral or bilateral'''. Bilateral disease is more common with systemic and auto-immune diseases, whereas trauma usually lead to unilateral signs.
The condition may be '''unilateral or bilateral'''. Bilateral disease is more common with systemic and auto-immune diseases, whereas trauma usually lead to unilateral signs.
'''Acute uveitis''' causes: pain, ciliary flush, miosis, aqueous flare, spongy swollen iris, decreased intra-ocular pressure
'''Acute uveitis''' causes: pain, ciliary flush, miosis, aqueous flare, spongy swollen iris, corneal oedema, decreased intra-ocular pressure
'''Hyphaema''' may be present and make the eye appear red.
'''Hyphaema''' may be present and make the eye appear red.
A fundus examination may reveal '''chorioretinitis and retinal detachment'''.
A fundus examination may reveal '''chorioretinitis and retinal detachment'''.
With '''chronic uveitis''', additional signs may include: neovascularisation of the iris, changes in iris pigmentation, secondary iris atrophy, synechiae, glaucoma and blindness.
With '''chronic uveitis''', additional signs may include: neovascularisation of the iris, changes in iris pigmentation, secondary iris atrophy, synechiae, cataract, glaucoma, [[Lens Luxation|lens luxation]] and blindness.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
'''Further investigation''' into the cause of the uveitis should include:
'''Further investigation''' into the cause of the uveitis should include:
:Complete haematology and biochemistry
:Urinalysis
:Thoracic radiography
:'''Serological testing''' for ''Toxoplasma'', FeLV, FIV
Additional diagnostic tests are selected according to diseases that are endemic to a particular practice area or on suspicion of a particular disease.
Often, a precise aetiological diagnosis is not possible, and idiopathic uveitis is a diagnosis of exclusion.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
{{Learning
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Feline Medicine Q&A 16]]
|flashcards = [[Feline Medicine Q&A 16]]
[[Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Q&A 14]]
}}
}}
Peiffer, R. (2008) '''Small animal ophthalmology: a problem-oriented approach''' ''Saunders''
Peiffer, R. (2008) '''Small animal ophthalmology: a problem-oriented approach''' ''Saunders''
[[Category:To Do - Helen]]
[[Category:To Do - Review]]
{{review}}
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[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]]
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]