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LA vaccines produce a superior response to disease than using killed organisms as the dose of antigen is larger and more sustained, and the response takes place at the site of natural infection, producing a greater local response than with killed organism vaccines. Examples include:
LA vaccines produce a superior response to disease than using killed organisms as the dose of antigen is larger and more sustained, and the response takes place at the site of natural infection, producing a greater local response than with killed organism vaccines. Examples include:
*The current vaccine for Tuberculosis (called BCG) contains an attenuated form of a mycobacteria
*The current vaccine for tuberculosis (called BCG) contains an attenuated form of a mycobacteria
*Vaccines for Leishmaniasis
*Vaccines for leishmaniasis
*Vaccines for parainfluenza virus 3 of calves is developed to be temperature-sensitive so that it grows at 34 C in the upper respiratory tract but not at 38 C in the lungs
*Vaccines for parainfluenza virus 3 of calves is developed to be temperature-sensitive so that it grows at 34 C in the upper respiratory tract but not at 38 C in the lungs
[[Image:Colostrum Intake.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Colostrum Intake - Copyright Prof Dirk Werling DrMedVet PhD MRCVS]]
[[Image:Colostrum Intake.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Colostrum Intake - Copyright Prof Dirk Werling DrMedVet PhD MRCVS]]
[[Image:Vaccinating puppies with Parvo.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Response to vaccination against canine parvovirus depending on antibody titre of puppies - Copyright Prof Dirk Werling DrMedVet PhD MRCVS]]
[[Image:Vaccinating puppies with Parvo.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Response to vaccination against canine parvovirus depending on antibody titre of puppies - Copyright Prof Dirk Werling DrMedVet PhD MRCVS]]
*Breeding females can be vaccinated so that immunity is passively transfered to their offspring via the [[Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]] - this protects neonates for the first 8-12 weeks of life.
*Breeding females can be vaccinated so that immunity is passively transferred to their offspring via the [[Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction#Passive transfer via colostrum|colostrum]] - this protects neonates for the first 8-12 weeks of life.
*Vaccination of young animals should be when the natural passive immunity decreases below the threshold for providing protection. Active immunity should then be stimulated so that the animal has sustained protection. If vaccination is given too early, the natural immunity can interfere with immunisation by binding and neutralising the vaccine antigens.
*Vaccination of young animals should be when the natural passive immunity decreases below the threshold for providing protection. Active immunity should then be stimulated so that the animal has sustained protection. If vaccination is given too early, the natural immunity can interfere with immunisation by binding and neutralising the vaccine antigens.
'''When to Vaccinate'''
'''When to Vaccinate'''
Puppies are usually first vaccinated between 6 to 8 weeks of age; a second vaccination is given 2 weeks later. Adult dogs need booster vaccination regularly (depending on the specific vaccination and the recommendations of the vaccine manufacturer).
Puppies are usually first vaccinated between 6 to 8 weeks of age; a second vaccination is given 3-4 weeks later. Younger puppies (less than 16 weeks old) may require the third booster 3-4 weeks later, making the vaccination schedule to end between 14 to 16 weeks old. Adult dogs need booster vaccination regularly (depending on the specific vaccination and the recommendations of the vaccine manufacturer).
===Cat Vaccinations===
===Cat Vaccinations===
'''When to Vaccinate'''
'''When to Vaccinate'''
Kittens are usually vaccinated around 9 weeks old and a second vaccination is given 3 weeks later. Adult cats need booster vaccination regularly (depending on the specific vaccinationand the vaccine manufacturers recommendations).
Kittens are usually vaccinated around 9 weeks old and a second vaccination is given 3 weeks later. Adult cats need booster vaccination regularly (depending on the specific vaccination and the vaccine manufacturers recommendations).
===Rabbit Vaccinations===
===Rabbit Vaccinations===
==Vaccine Failure==
==Vaccine Failure==
Failures do occur and should be reported on the VMD [http://www.vmd.gov.uk/ 'yellow form' MLA252A]. Circumstances leading to vaccine failures include:
Failures do occur and should be reported on the VMD [http://www.vmd.gov.uk/ 'yellow form' MLA252A] if the events occur in the United Kingdom. Vaccine failures in other European Union (EU) Member States, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein should be reported to the relevant competent authority where the event occurred using the [http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/document_listing/document_listing_000176.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058002ddcb/ EU reporting forms for veterinarians] which are available in each EU language on the [http://www.ema.europa.eu/ European Medicines Agency] website. Circumstances leading to vaccine failures include:
*Recipient is already infected with the virus or is immunosuppressed and unable to mount an immune response.
*Recipient is already infected with the virus or is immunosuppressed and unable to mount an immune response.
*Break down of the '''cold-chain''' during transport (incorrect storage of vaccines requiring refridgeration)
*Break down of the '''cold-chain''' during transport (incorrect storage of vaccines requiring refrigeration)
*Improper administration (e.g.myxomatosis vaccine)
*Improper administration (e.g.myxomatosis vaccine)
*Accindental mixing of inactivated and live vaccines in the same syringe
*Accidental mixing of inactivated and live vaccines in the same syringe
*Recipient has maternal antibody to the vaccine
*Recipient has maternal antibody to the vaccine
*Vaccine is damaged during manufacture
*Vaccine is damaged during manufacture
==Test Yourself==
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Vaccination Flashcards|Vaccination Flashcards]]
|full text =[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093258316.pdf '''Factors influencing vaccine efficacy - a general review.''' Rashid, A.; Rasheed, K.; Akhtar, M.; Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, Lahore, Pakistan, JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2009, 19, 1, pp 22-25, 18 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115229.pdf ''' Establishing vaccine protocols - focus on client communication.''' Datz, C.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 608-611]
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115232.pdf '''Feline lifestyle vaccination protocols.''' Lappin, M. R.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 621-624, 18 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073166574.pdf '''Immunological basis of vaccination.''' Lunn, D. P.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Large animal. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 21, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2007, 2007, pp 135-137]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093258316.pdf '''Factors influencing vaccine efficacy - a general review.''' Rashid, A.; Rasheed, K.; Akhtar, M.; Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, Lahore, Pakistan, JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2009, 19, 1, pp 22-25, 18 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115229.pdf ''' Establishing vaccine protocols - focus on client communication.''' Datz, C.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 608-611 - '''Full Text Article''']
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073166575.pdf '''Equine vaccines: what works, what doesn't?''' Lunn, D. P.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Large animal. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 21, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2007, 2007, pp 138-140]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115232.pdf '''Feline lifestyle vaccination protocols.''' Lappin, M. R.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 621-624, 18 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Freeform/fre00859.asp Vaccination Protocol]
}}
==Links==
==Links==
:[[:Category:Viral Organisms|Viruses A to Z]]
:[[:Category:Bacterial Organisms|Bacteria A to Z]]
[[:Category:Viral Organisms|Viruses A to Z]]
[[:Category:Bacterial Organisms|Bacterial A to Z]]
==References==
==References==
'''Textbooks'''
'''Textbooks'''
*Ivan Roitt: '''Essential Immunology,''' Ninth edition
*Ivan Roitt: '''Essential Immunology,''' Ninth edition
'''Lecture Notes'''
'''Lecture Notes'''
*Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS
*Dr Brian Catchpole BVetMed PhD MRCVS
*Dr Peter H Russell BVSc MSc PhD MRCVS FRCPath
*Dr Peter H Russell BVSc MSc PhD MRCVS FRCPath
<br><br>
{{Jim Bee 2007}}
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Immunology]]