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→Adjuvants
Subunit antigens can also be isolated using the DNA coding for antigenic proteins; circular DNA plasmids are expanded in disabled E.coli strains and then purified - the plasmids expressing the foreign gene can be vaccinated directly into the host.
Subunit antigens can also be isolated using the DNA coding for antigenic proteins; circular DNA plasmids are expanded in disabled E.coli strains and then purified - the plasmids expressing the foreign gene can be vaccinated directly into the host.
==Adjuvants==
Adjuvants are used with vaccines containing inactivated organisms which alone would only stimulate a weak immune response. Some adjuvants create a depot of antigen at the injection site allowing a steady flow of antigen into the afferent lymph, while others stimulate the immune system to amplify the adaptive immune response to antigens e.g. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMP-like adjuvants assist naive [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] priming.
*Used with vaccines containing inactivated organisms which alone only stimulate a weak immune response
Different subtypes of [[Lymphocytes#Helper CD4+|T helper cells]] are stimulated by different adjuvants, for example:
*Aluminium salts generate bias [[T cell differentiation#TH2 Cells|T helper II]] responses for [[Immunoglobulins|'''antibody''']]-mediated immunity
*Killed mycobacteria generate IL-12 producing good '''cell'''-mediated immunity
Adjuvants decrease the number of injections needed and the amount of antigen that needs to be administered, but they have been associated with vaccine reactions.
===Marker Vaccines===
===Marker Vaccines===