Changes

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==

Carotenoids, such as β-carotene, have low toxicity in dogs and cats, but high intake of pre-formed retinoid either acute or chronic exposure can cause harmful effects in both species. Retinol toxicity can occur when dogs or cats are fed diets comprised largely of liver or through excess supplementation of the diet, or formulation errors in commercial pet foods.

[[Nutrition Glossary#Carotenoids|Carotenoids]], such as β-carotene, have low toxicity in dogs and cats, but high intake of pre-formed retinoid either acute or chronic exposure can cause harmful effects in both species. Retinol toxicity can occur when dogs or cats are fed diets comprised largely of liver or through excess supplementation of the diet, or formulation errors in commercial pet foods.

====Dogs:====  

====Dogs:====  

Puppies fed high levels of Vitamin A can develop disorder of bone remodelling resulting in stunted growth and hyperashthesia<ref>Maddock CL, et al. Hypervitaminosis A in the dog. J Nutr 1949;39:117-137.</ref><ref>Cho Y, et al. Hypervitaminosis A in the dog. AJVR 1975;36:1597-1603.</ref>. Adult dogs showed no adverse effect when fed high levels of vitamin A up to to 1 year<ref>Cline JL, et al. Effect of increasing dietary vitamin A on bone density in adult dogs. J Amin Sci 1997;75:2980-2985.</ref>, but longer term studies are lacking.

Puppies fed high levels of Vitamin A can develop disorder of bone remodelling resulting in stunted growth and hyperashthesia<ref>Maddock CL, et al. Hypervitaminosis A in the dog. J Nutr 1949;39:117-137.</ref><ref>Cho Y, et al. Hypervitaminosis A in the dog. AJVR 1975;36:1597-1603.</ref>. Adult dogs showed no adverse effect when fed high levels of vitamin A up to to 1 year<ref>Cline JL, et al. Effect of increasing dietary vitamin A on bone density in adult dogs. J Amin Sci 1997;75:2980-2985.</ref>, but longer term studies are lacking.