Changes

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

====Metabolic Function====

#'''Metabolic Function:''' The niacin derivatives, NAD and NADP, are required cofactors in dehydrogenase/reductase reactions. In general, NAD is used in catabolic reactions involving glucose, fatty acid, ketone, and amino acid metabolism while NADP is used in synthesis of [[Fat Overview - Nutrition|lipids and cholesterol]]<ref name="McCormick" />. Both NAD and NADP also act as electron donors to the riboflavin-derivative flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

The niacin derivatives, NAD and NADP, are required cofactors in dehydrogenase/reductase reactions. In general, NAD is used in catabolic reactions involving glucose, fatty acid, ketone, and amino acid metabolism while NADP is used in synthesis of [[Fat Overview - Nutrition|lipids and cholesterol]]<ref name="McCormick" />. Both NAD and NADP also act as electron donors to the riboflavin-derivative flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the mitochondrial electron transport chain during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.

#'''Therapeutic Uses:''' High dose niacin supplementation has been shown to reduce [[Nutrition Glossary#Low Density Lipoprotein|low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL) and [[Nutrition Glossary#Very Low Density Lipoprotein|very low-density lipoprotein]] (VLDL) while increasing [[Nutrition Glossary#High Density Lipoprotein|high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) cholesterol concentrations in people.<ref name ="Xenoulis">Xenoulis PG and Steiner JM. (2010) '''Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. '''''Vet J ''2010;183:12-21.</ref> Niacin supplementation has been suggested as a treatment to reduce hypercholesterolemia in dogs,<ref>Goldberg AC.(1998)''' Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): dose-escalation study. '''''Am J Cardiol ''1998;82:35U-38U</ref> and has been shown to decrease VLDL synthesis in obese dogs.<ref>Le Bloc’h J, et al.(2010)''' Nicotinic acid decreases apolipoprotein B100-containing lipoprotein levels by reducing hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion through a possible diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 inhibition in obese dogs. '''''J Pharmacol Exp Ther ''2010;334:583-589.</ref>

 

====Therapeutic Uses====

High dose niacin supplementation has been shown to reduce [[Nutrition Glossary#Low Density Lipoprotein|low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL) and [[Nutrition Glossary#Very Low Density Lipoprotein|very low-density lipoprotein]] (VLDL) while increasing [[Nutrition Glossary#High Density Lipoprotein|high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) cholesterol concentrations in people.<ref name ="Xenoulis">Xenoulis PG and Steiner JM. (2010) '''Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. '''''Vet J ''2010;183:12-21.</ref> Niacin supplementation has been suggested as a treatment to reduce hypercholesterolemia in dogs,<ref>Goldberg AC.(1998)''' Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): dose-escalation study. '''''Am J Cardiol ''1998;82:35U-38U</ref> and has been shown to decrease VLDL synthesis in obese dogs.<ref>Le Bloc’h J, et al.(2010)''' Nicotinic acid decreases apolipoprotein B100-containing lipoprotein levels by reducing hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion through a possible diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 inhibition in obese dogs. '''''J Pharmacol Exp Ther ''2010;334:583-589.</ref>

==Consequences of Niacin Deficiency==

==Consequences of Niacin Deficiency==