Changes

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

#'''Energy Metabolism''': Pantothenic acid as CoA forms acetyl-CoA, which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during oxidation of glucose and fatty acids<ref name="Silber"/><ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.223-225.</ref>

#'''Energy Metabolism''': Pantothenic acid as CoA forms acetyl-CoA, which condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle during oxidation of glucose and fatty acids<ref name="NRC">National Research Council (NRC). Vitamins. In Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. 2006 Washington, DC: National Academies Press p.223-225.</ref><ref name="Sweetman">Sweetman L. Pantothenic acid and biotin. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p. 520-529.</ref>

#'''Synthesis Reactions''': Acetyl-CoA is used to form succinyl-CoA for synthesis of the porphyrin ring in [[Erythrocytes#Function|haemoglobin]]; CoA involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol, and [[Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) - Nutrition|vitamin D]]<ref name="Silber"/><ref name="NRC"/>.

#'''Synthesis Reactions''': Acetyl-CoA is used to form succinyl-CoA for synthesis of the porphyrin ring in [[Erythrocytes#Function|haemoglobin]]; CoA involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, ketone bodies, fatty acids, cholesterol, and [[Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) - Nutrition|vitamin D]]<ref name="NRC"/><ref name="Sweetman"/>.

==Consequences of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency==

==Consequences of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency==

====Dogs:====  

====Dogs:====  

Dogs and puppies fed pantothenic acid-deficient diets experienced poor food intake and can develop sudden prostration and coma, tachypnea and tachycardia, gastritis, enteritis, and [[Intussusception|intussuseptions]]; death can results if efficiency not corrected<ref name="Plesofsky"/><ref name="Sweetman">Sweetman L. Pantothenic acid and biotin. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p. 520-529.</ref>.

Dogs and puppies fed pantothenic acid-deficient diets experienced poor food intake and can develop sudden prostration and coma, tachypnea and tachycardia, gastritis, enteritis, and [[Intussusception|intussusceptions]]; death can results if efficiency not corrected<ref name="Silber"/><ref>Schaefer AE, et al. Pantothenic acid deficiency studies in the dog. J Biol Chem 1942;143:321-330.</ref>.

 

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates<ref>Schaefer AE, et al. Pantothenic acid deficiency studies in the dog. J Biol Chem 1942;143:321-330.</ref>.

There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates.<ref>Gershoff SN and Gottlieb LS. Pantothenic acid deficiency in cats. J Nutr 1964;82:135-138.</ref>

 

 

Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g. chronic disease, such as [[:Category:Kidney - Pathology|renal disease]] or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as [[Fluid therapy|intravenous fluids]] or increased water intake with management of [[Cystitis|lower urinary diseases]]) can result in increased loss of pantothenic acid and may increase daily requirements. Patient on chronic haemodialysis are at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.

Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g. chronic disease, such as [[:Category:Kidney - Pathology|renal disease]] or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as [[Fluid therapy|intravenous fluids]] or increased water intake with management of [[Cystitis|lower urinary diseases]]) can result in increased loss of pantothenic acid and may increase daily requirements. Patient on chronic haemodialysis are at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==

Variable amounts of pantothenic acid occur naturally in all foods, but is found in highest concentrations in muscle and organ meats, eggs, dairy, cereal grains, and pulses (i.e., legumes). Pantothenic acid is typically supplemented in commercially-prepared complete and balanced dog and cat foods. Pantothenic acid like other water-soluble vitamins is prone to degradation with heat processing, and manufacturers have to account for processing losses in their recipes.

Variable amounts of pantothenic acid occur naturally in all foods, but is found in highest concentrations in muscle and organ meats, eggs, dairy, cereal grains, and pulses (i.e. legumes). Pantothenic acid is typically supplemented in commercially-prepared complete and balanced dog and cat foods. Pantothenic acid like other water-soluble vitamins is prone to degradation with heat processing, and manufacturers have to account for processing losses in their recipes.

==Diagnosing Pantothenic Acid Deficiency==

==Diagnosing Pantothenic Acid Deficiency==

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

[[Category:Vitamins]]

[[Category:Vitamins]]