Changes

==Consequences of Vitamin K Deficiency==

==Consequences of Vitamin K Deficiency==

====Dogs:====  

====Dogs:====  

Clinical signs of vitamin K deficiency include prolonged bleeding times that can progress to internal [[haemorrhage]] and death if not treated. Because of adequate microbial synthesis, naturally occurring vitamin K deficiencies have not been reported in dogs. Relative deficiencies can occur due to vitamin K antagonist exposure (i.e., [[Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity|warfarin toxicity]])<ref>Clark  WT and Halliwell REW. The treatment of vitamin K preparation of warfarin poisoning in dogs. Vet Rec 1963;75:1210-1213.</ref> or in animals with synthetic liver failure.  

Clinical signs of vitamin K deficiency include prolonged bleeding times that can progress to internal [[haemorrhage]] and death if not treated. Because of adequate microbial synthesis, naturally occurring vitamin K deficiencies have not been reported in dogs. Relative deficiencies can occur due to vitamin K antagonist exposure (i.e. [[Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity|warfarin toxicity]])<ref>Clark  WT and Halliwell REW. The treatment of vitamin K preparation of warfarin poisoning in dogs. Vet Rec 1963;75:1210-1213.</ref> or in animals with synthetic liver failure.

 

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Clinical signs of vitamin K deficiency in kittens and adult cats include prolonged bleeding times, internal haemorrhage, and death. Congenital defects in γ-glutamyl carboxylase have been described in Devon Rex cats<ref>Soute BA, et al. Congenital deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors due to a defective vitamin K-dependent carboxylase in Devon Rex cats. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:521-525.</ref>, and the feeding of fish-based diets does not support adequate microbial vitamin K synthesis<ref>Strieker MJ, et al. Vitamin K deficiency in cats fed commercial fish-based diets. J Small Anim Pract 1996;37:322-326.</ref> and can result in a vitamin K deficiency unless supplemental vitamin K is added to the diet. Relative deficiencies can occur in cats due to vitamin K antagonist exposure (i.e., warfarin toxicity) or in animals with chronic liver or intestinal disease<ref>Center SA, et al. Proteins invoked by vitamin K absence and clotting times in clinically ill cats. JVIM 2000 14:292-297.</ref>.

Clinical signs of vitamin K deficiency in kittens and adult cats include prolonged bleeding times, internal haemorrhage, and death. Congenital defects in γ-glutamyl carboxylase have been described in Devon Rex cats<ref>Soute BA, et al. Congenital deficiency of all vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors due to a defective vitamin K-dependent carboxylase in Devon Rex cats. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:521-525.</ref>, and the feeding of fish-based diets does not support adequate microbial vitamin K synthesis<ref>Strieker MJ, et al. Vitamin K deficiency in cats fed commercial fish-based diets. J Small Anim Pract 1996;37:322-326.</ref> and can result in a vitamin K deficiency unless supplemental vitamin K is added to the diet. Relative deficiencies can occur in cats due to vitamin K antagonist exposure (i.e., warfarin toxicity) or in animals with chronic liver or intestinal disease<ref>Center SA, et al. Proteins invoked by vitamin K absence and clotting times in clinically ill cats. JVIM 2000 14:292-297.</ref>.