Changes

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

#'''Coagulation Factors''': The aliphatic side-chain on MK-7 serves as a substrate for γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which results in carboxylation of glutamyl residues on prothrombin (i.e., factor II), as well as the glutamyl residues on coagulation factors VII, IX, X<ref>Suttie JW. Vitamin K. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p.568-583.</ref>. This carboxylation facilitates Ca²⁺ binding and activation of these proteins, which initiates the coagulation cascade. Decarboxylated MK-7 forms a vitamin-K-epoxide that must be recycled through reaction with a vitamin-K-epoxide reductase in the liver.  

#'''Coagulation Factors''': The aliphatic side-chain on MK-7 serves as a substrate for γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which results in carboxylation of glutamyl residues on prothrombin (i.e., factor II), as well as the glutamyl residues on coagulation factors VII, IX, X<ref>Suttie JW. Vitamin K. In Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. 2000 Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company p.568-583.</ref>. This carboxylation facilitates Ca²⁺ binding and activation of these proteins, which initiates the coagulation cascade<ref>Winter RL, et al. Aortic thrombosis in dogs: presentation, therapy, and outcome in 26 cases. J Vet Cardiol 2012;14:333-342.</ref>. Decarboxylated MK-7 forms a vitamin-K-epoxide that must be recycled through reaction with a vitamin-K-epoxide reductase in the liver.  

#'''Bone Health''': Osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts and is the second most abundant protein in bone<ref>Neve A, et al. Osteocalcin: skeletal and extra-skeletal effects. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:1149-1153.</ref>. Glutamyl residues on osteocalcin are carboxylated by vitamin-K-dependant carboxylase enzymes and allow Ca²⁺ binding and subsequent formation of hydroxyapatite in bone.  

#'''Bone Health''': Osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts and is the second most abundant protein in bone<ref>Neve A, et al. Osteocalcin: skeletal and extra-skeletal effects. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:1149-1153.</ref>. Glutamyl residues on osteocalcin are carboxylated by vitamin-K-dependant carboxylase enzymes and allow Ca²⁺ binding and subsequent formation of hydroxyapatite in bone.