Infectious female reproductive pathology quiz

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Questions reviewed by: Kirstie Pickles BVMS MSc Cert EM (Int Med) PhD Dip ECEIM MRCVS Lecturer in Equine Practice
Dr Peter G.G. Jackson BVM&S, MA, DVM&S, FRCVS
Janet Daly BSc PhD Lecturer in Comparative Virology

1

Which of the following is true with regards to testing for contagious equine metritis in the UK?

Please select an option Incorrect. CEM swabbing tests for Taylorella equigenitalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa,. A positive culture for the contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO), Taylorella equigenitalis, is notifiable by law in the UK. However positive cultures of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa are not notifiable. WikiVet Article: Taylorella equigenitalis & HBLB: CEM Code of Practice Correct! A positive culture for the contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO), Taylorella equigenitalis, is notifiable by law in the UK. The CEM test also tests for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however positive cultures of these two organisms are not notifiable. WikiVet Article: Taylorella equigenitalis & HBLB: CEM Code of Practice Incorrect. The testing protocol differs depending on the level of risk of the mare, and the circumstances (i.e. whether she is a 'walk in' mare or boarding on the same premises as the stallion) but endometrial swabs must always be taken during oestrus from the lining of the uterus via the open cervix to demonstrate whether the uterus is free from infection. Clitoral swabs can be taken at any time of the cycle to demonstrate whether the clitoral fossa and sinuses are free from infection. The correct answer is that a positive culture for the contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO), Taylorella equigenitalis, is notifiable by law in the UK. The CEM test also tests for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however positive cultures of these two organisms are not notifiable. WikiVet Article: Taylorella equigenitalis & [HBLB: CEM Code of Practice Incorrect. Stallions that have not previously been used for breeding purposes are classified as high risk; for other high risk factors, see Appendix 1 of the HBLB CEM Code of Practice. The protocol for testing stallions is as follows: swabs should be taken from three sites; the urethra, urethral fossa and penile sheath, plus pre-ejaculatory fluid when possible. Separate swabs should be used for each site and cultured aerobically and microaerophilically in all circumstances. The correct answer is that a positive culture for the contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO), Taylorella equigenitalis, is notifiable by law in the UK. The CEM test also tests for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however positive cultures of these two organisms are not notifiable. WikiVet Article: Taylorella equigenitalis HBLB: CEM Code of Practice Incorrect. The endometrial swabs from low risk mares should be cultured aerobically only, but all other cultures from low and high risk stallions and mares should be cultured both aerobically and microaerophilically. The correct answer is that a positive culture for the contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO), Taylorella equigenitalis, is notifiable by law in the UK. The CEM test also tests for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, however positive cultures of these two organisms are not notifiable. WikiVet Article: Taylorella equigenitalis & HBLB: CEM Code of Practice

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2

What effect does Border disease virus most commonly have in pregnant ewes?

Please select an option Correct! Border disease virus is a pestivirus which can cause abortion, resorption or the birth of weak, excessively hair lambs with a tremor. These lambs are referred to as 'hairy shakers'. WikiVet Article: Border Disease Virus Incorrect. Although Border disease virus, a pestivirus, can cause abortion or resorption of foetuses, around 50% of cases result in the birth of weak, excessively hair lambs with a tremor. These lambs are referred to as 'hairy shakers'. WikiVet Article: Border Disease Virus Incorrect. This is typical of Chlamydophila abortus infection, enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE). The correct answer is that border disease virus, a pestivirus, typically causes abortion, resorption or the birth of weak, excessively hair lambs with a tremor. These lambs are referred to as 'hairy shakers'. WikiVet Article: Border Disease Virus Incorrect. There are no specific infectious causes of infertility only, in the ewe. The correct answer is that border disease virus, a pestivirus, typically causes abortion, resorption or the birth of weak, excessively hair lambs with a tremor. These lambs are referred to as 'hairy shakers'. WikiVet Article: Border Disease Virus Incorrect. Hypocalcaemia tends to cause recumbency and vaginal prolapse in pregnant ewes. The correct answer is that border disease virus, a pestivirus, typically causes abortion, resorption or the birth of weak, excessively hair lambs with a tremor. These lambs are referred to as 'hairy shakers'. WikiVet Article: Border Disease Virus

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3

What is the usual effect of Chlamydophila abortus infection in sheep in late pregnancy?

Please select an option Incorrect. Ewes infected late in pregnancy may not abort this pregnancy and carry to term. However they may then abort during the next pregnancy. Some immunity does develop after infection and should protect from disease after the next pregnancy. Incorrect.Reabsorption in late pregnancy is very rare although after experimental infection mid term reabsorption may occur. Correct! Ewes infected late in pregnancy may not abort, but may abort during the next pregnancy. Incorrect. Ewes infected late in pregnancy may carry to term and not abort this pregnancy. However they may then abort during the next pregnancy. Incorrect. Ewes infected late in pregnancy may not abort this pregnancy and carry to term. However they may then abort during the next pregnancy.

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4

What is the most common cause of abortion in sheep?

Please select an option Incorrect.Campylobacter fetus ss. fetus is the third most common cause of ovine abortion. Abortions usually occur during the last 6 weeks of gestation although some lambs are carried to term but are weak and die quickly. Chlamydophila abortus, the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the UK. See Chlamydophila feedback for further information on EAE. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect.Toxoplasma gondii though not the most common cause of ovine abortion, is still a significant agent. It can cause resorption, mummification and abortion, depending on the stage of infection at which infection occurs. Ewes do not usually appear sick. In an outbreak, there is usually a wide range in gestational age of aborted fetuses. Chlamydophila abortus, the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the UK. See Chlamydophila feedback for further information on EAE. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Samonella spp. are the fourth most common cause of abortion in sheep.Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo causes abortion in the second half of gestation and in many cases the aborted foetuses are not found. Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin also causes abortion in sheep although the ewe is often systemically unwell and may even die before aborting. Chlamydophila abortus, the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the UK. See Chlamydophila feedback for further information on EAE. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Correct! Chlamydophila abortus, is the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE). This is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the UK. Once infected, the ewe usually aborts in the subsequent pregnancy without showing any clinical signs prior to abortion. Once they have aborted, they are immune to future abortions, but may continue to shed the organism. Aborted lambs and placentas from infected ewes are an infection risk to other sheep and humans. WikiVet Article:Uterine infection Incorrect. Brucella melitensis can cause abortion storms, and systemic illness in sheep but it is not the most common cause of ovine abortion. Infections may persist in the uterus for many monthes, and for years in the udder. In fact it is a notifiable disease in the UK, and has not been recorded since the 1950's. Chlamydophila abortus, the aetiological agent of enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the UK. See Chlamydophila feedback for further information on EAE. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection

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5

Which of the following are likely to be isolated from the uterus of a horse with a post - partum infection?

Please select an option Incorrect. Dichelobacter nodosus is isolated from uterine infections in the cow. The correct answer is Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli, which may both be isolated from uterine infections in the mare. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp are also often associated with equine endometritis. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Staphylococcus aureus is isolated from uterine infections in the cow. The correct answer is Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli, which may both be isolated from uterine infections in the mare. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp are also often associated with equine endometritis. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Although E. coli is often associated with endometritis in the mare, Arcanobacterium pyogenes is not, and is commonly isolated from uterine infections in the cow. The correct answer is Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli, which may both be isolated from uterine infections in the mare. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp are also often associated with equine endometritis. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Correct! Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli are both commonly isolated from uterine infections in the mare. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp are also often associated with equine endometritis. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Although Streptococcus zooepidemicus is often associated with endometritis in the mare, Arcanobacterium pyogenes is not, and is commonly isolated from uterine infections in the cow. The correct answer is Streptococcus zooepidemicus and E. coli, which may both be isolated from uterine infections in the mare. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp are also often associated with equine endometritis. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection

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6

Which of the following agents does NOT typically cause abortion in pigs?

Please select an option Incorrect. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is responsible for many disease syndromes in pigs, including sudden death, fever, arthritis dermatological lesions, endocarditis and abortion. Abortion is thought to be as a result of the fever. Porcine parvovirus is one cause of a syndrome called SMEDI, which stands for stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility. Abortion is NOT a feature of porcine parvovirus. See Porcine parvovirus feedback for further information.WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona causes abortion, stillbirth and neonatal mortality in pigs. Porcine parvovirus is one cause ofa syndrome called SMEDI, which stands for stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility. Abortion is NOT a feature of porcine parvovirus. See Porcine parvovirus feedback for further information. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. E. coli is an opportunistic invader which can cause abortion in the pig. Porcine parvovirus is one cause of a syndrome called SMEDI, which stands for stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility. Abortion is NOT a feature of porcine parvovirus. See Porcine parvovirus feedback for further information. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Aujesky's disease, (pseudorabies) does cause abortion in pigs, along with stillbirth, mummification and respiratory and febrile signs.Porcine parvovirus one cause ofa syndrome called SMEDI, which stands for stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility. Abortion is NOT a feature of porcine parvovirus. See Porcine parvovirus feedback for further information.WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Correct! Porcine parvovirus is one cause of a syndrome called SMEDI, which stands for stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility. Abortion is NOT a feature of porcine parvovirus. Porcine parvovirus was a common presentation on pig farms in the UK until the mid 1980s, typically producing litters with large numbers of mummified piglets, of variable sizes. Since the introduction of effective vaccines, PPV is less common in the UK. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection

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7

In post - partum uterine infections of the sheep, which bacteria is most commonly isolated?

Please select an option Incorrect. Streptococcus spp. is most commonly isolated in uterine infections of the bitch, queen and mare. The correct answer is Clostridia spp is the most commonly isolated bacteria in post-partum uterine infections in sheep. Infection occurs via the vagina after parturition or abortion. Risk of infection is increased if there is retained placenta, dystocia or failure of involution and in conditions of poor hygiene.WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Staphylococcus spp. are commonly isolated in the bitch and queen. The correct answer is Clostridia spp is the most commonly isolated bacteria in post-partum uterine infections in sheep. Infection occurs via the vagina after parturition or abortion. Risk of infection is increased if there is retained placenta, dystocia or failure of involution and in conditions of poor hygiene. WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Pseudomonas is most commonly isolated in uterine infections of the mare. The correct answer is Clostridia spp is the most commonly isolated bacteria in post-partum uterine infections in sheep. Infection occurs via the vagina after parturition or abortion. Risk of infection is increased if there is retained placenta, dystocia or failure of involution and in conditions of poor hygiene.WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Incorrect. Streptococcus spp. is most commonly isolated in uterine infections of the mare. The correct answer is Clostridia spp is the most commonly isolated bacteria in post-partum uterine infections in sheep. Infection occurs via the vagina after parturition or abortion. Risk of infection is increased if there is retained placenta, dystocia or failure of involution and in conditions of poor hygiene.WikiVet Article: Uterine infection Correct! Clostridia spp is the most commonly isolated bacteria in post-partum uterine infections in sheep. Infection occurs via the vagina after parturition or abortion, especially in conditions of poor hygiene. Risk of infection is increased if there is retained placenta, dystocia or failure of involution and in conditions of poor hygiene. . WikiVet Article: Uterine infection

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8

Which virus is most frequently associated with abortions in late gestation in the mare?

Please select an option Incorrect. Equine Infectious Anaemia virus can cause abortion in pregnant mares, but this may occur at any time during the pregnancy, not necessarily towards the end of gestation. Remember EIA is notifiable in the UK. Equine Herpesvirus 1 is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses. 95% of abortions due to EHV1 are in the last trimester, when chorionic placentomes have created an end-artery system vulnerable to ischaemia. Abortion is not preceded by maternal illness. To control an EHV1 outbreak; pregnant mares should be isolated and there should be no movement for at least 1 month after the last abortion. There is a vaccine available which should be given every 6 months, but although it may reduce respiratory disease, it has not been shown to protect against abortion. . WikiVet Article: Equine Herpesvirus, Equine Infectious Anaemia virus. Correct! Equine Herpesvirus 1 is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses. 95% of abortions due to EHV1 are in the last trimester, when chorionic placentomes have created an end-artery system vulnerable to ischaemia. Abortion is not preceded by maternal illness. To control an EHV1 outbreak; pregnant mares should be isolated and there should be no movement for at least 1 month after the last abortion. There is a vaccine available which should be given every 6 months, but although it may reduce respiratory disease, it has not been shown to protect against abortion. . WikiVet Article: Equine Herpesvirus. Incorrect. African Horse Sickness virus is not usually associated with abortions although systemic illness and/or fever can cause the mare's system to secrete prostaglandins, which may cause abortion. Equine Herpesvirus 1 is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses. 95% of abortions due to EHV1 are in the last trimester, when chorionic placentomes have created an end-artery system vulnerable to ischaemia. Abortion is not preceded by maternal illness. To control an EHV1 outbreak; pregnant mares should be isolated and there should be no movement for at least 1 month after the last abortion. There is a vaccine available which should be given every 6 months, but although it may reduce respiratory disease, it has not been shown to protect against abortion. WikiVet Article: Equine Herpesvirus, African Horse Sickness virus. Incorrect. Abortions caused by EAV occur after 10-30 days in 50% of pregnant mareswhereas 95% of abortions due to Equine Herpesvirus 1 are in the last trimester, when chorionic placentomes have created an end-artery system vulnerable to ischaemia. Abortion is not preceded by maternal illness. EHV1 is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses. To control an EHV1 outbreak; pregnant mares should be isolated and there should be no movement for at least 1 month after the last abortion. There is a vaccine available which should be given every 6 months, but although it may reduce respiratory disease, it has not been shown to protect against abortion.WikiVet Article: Equine Herpesvirus, Equine Arteritis Virus. Incorrect. Equine Influenza virus is not usually associated with abortions in the mare, although systemic illness and/or fever can cause the mare's system to secrete prostaglandins, which may cause abortion. Equine Herpesvirus 1 is the most important viral cause of abortion in horses. 95% of abortions due to EHV1 are in the last trimester, when chorionic placentomes have created an end-artery system vulnerable to ischaemia. Abortion is not preceded by maternal illness. To control an EHV1 outbreak; pregnant mares should be isolated and there should be no movement for at least 1 month after the last abortion. There is a vaccine available which should be given every 6 months, but although it may reduce respiratory disease, it has not been shown to protect against abortion.WikiVet Article: Equine Herpesvirus, Equine Influenza virus.

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