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Created page with "* Difficult and Extended Birth * Influenced by many factors such as: ** Breed ** Age ** Parity ** Body Condition ** Environment ** Nutritional status and energy balance === Inc..."
* Difficult and Extended Birth
* Influenced by many factors such as:
** Breed
** Age
** Parity
** Body Condition
** Environment
** Nutritional status and energy balance
=== Incidence of Dystocia ===
* '''Cow''': 3%
* '''Ewe''': 3-30%
* '''Sow''': 1%
* '''Mare''': 4%
* '''Bitch''': 1%
* '''Queen''': 1%
=== Common Causes ===
* Incorrect foetal position e.g. breech in Lambs
** In the cow, mare and ewe the foetus must rotate in utero prior to parturition.
* Foetus is too large, or dam is too small (fetomaternal disproportion)
* Multiple births
* Twins in monotocious species
** Both may be presented simultaneously
** First may be positioned abnormally and block passage of the second.
** Uterus may become fatigued by difficult and sustained contractions.
* Poor or absent Uterine contractions (Inertia)
* Increases after pharmacological induction of parturition in cows and pigs
=== Further Complications after Birth ===
* Increased incidence of stillbirths
* Increased neonatal mortality and morbidity
* Increased incidence of mortality for the dam
* Reduced dam productivity and fertility
* Increased incidence of sterility, puerperal disease and culling
* Mother often rejects the offspring
[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]]
* Influenced by many factors such as:
** Breed
** Age
** Parity
** Body Condition
** Environment
** Nutritional status and energy balance
=== Incidence of Dystocia ===
* '''Cow''': 3%
* '''Ewe''': 3-30%
* '''Sow''': 1%
* '''Mare''': 4%
* '''Bitch''': 1%
* '''Queen''': 1%
=== Common Causes ===
* Incorrect foetal position e.g. breech in Lambs
** In the cow, mare and ewe the foetus must rotate in utero prior to parturition.
* Foetus is too large, or dam is too small (fetomaternal disproportion)
* Multiple births
* Twins in monotocious species
** Both may be presented simultaneously
** First may be positioned abnormally and block passage of the second.
** Uterus may become fatigued by difficult and sustained contractions.
* Poor or absent Uterine contractions (Inertia)
* Increases after pharmacological induction of parturition in cows and pigs
=== Further Complications after Birth ===
* Increased incidence of stillbirths
* Increased neonatal mortality and morbidity
* Increased incidence of mortality for the dam
* Reduced dam productivity and fertility
* Increased incidence of sterility, puerperal disease and culling
* Mother often rejects the offspring
[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]]