Changes

'''Superficial anatomy of the dog'''

'''Superficial anatomy of the dog'''

'''The head'''

'''The head'''

*Flex and extend the carpal joint to determine the location of the distal end of the ulna, the lateral styloid process, and the proximal end of the 5th metacarpal bone.  Abduction of the joint is prevented by the lateral collateral ligement.

*Flex and extend the carpal joint to determine the location of the distal end of the ulna, the lateral styloid process, and the proximal end of the 5th metacarpal bone.  Abduction of the joint is prevented by the lateral collateral ligement.

*Locate the accessory carpal bone and compare its mobility with the carpal joint flexed and extended.  With the joint extended, feel the tension in the tendon attaching to it proximally, (m ulnaris lateralis) and the ligament attaching to it distally (accessoriometacarpal ligament).  These are part of the mechanism preventing overextension (dorsal flexion) of the carpus and enabling the dog to be digitigrade.

*Locate the accessory carpal bone and compare its mobility with the carpal joint flexed and extended.  With the joint extended, feel the tension in the tendon attaching to it proximally, (m ulnaris lateralis) and the ligament attaching to it distally (accessoriometacarpal ligament).  These are part of the mechanism preventing overextension (dorsal flexion) of the carpus and enabling the dog to be digitigrade.

'''The hindlimb'''

'''The hindlimb'''