Changes

===Equine===

===Equine===

*Fusion of the two plates of the thyroid cartilage is incomplete forming a rostral pointing notch which is a good site for surgical entry into the larynx

Fusion of the two plates of the thyroid cartilage is incomplete forming a rostral pointing notch which is a good site for surgical entry into the larynx. The '''thyroarytenoid muscle''' is divided into 2 parts; the '''rostral''' and '''caudal vocalis''', which are situated within the vocal folds and vestibular folds. The '''cuneiform processes''' are attached to the [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]].

 

*Thyroarytenoid muscle is divided into 2 parts- rostral and caudal vocalis which are situated within the vocal folds and vestibular folds

 

*Cuneiform processes attached to [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]]

 

===Canine===

===Canine===

*Thyroarytenoid muscle is divided into 2 parts- rostral and caudal vocalis which are situated within the vocal folds and vestibular folds

The '''thyroarytenoid muscle''' is divided into 2 parts; the '''rostral''' and '''caudal vocalis''', which are situated within the vocal folds and vestibular folds. There are laryngeal ventricles present.

 

*Laryngeal ventricles present

===Feline===

===Feline===

*Thick vocal folds

Feline species have thick vocal folds. Purring occurs due to vibration of the vocal folds (and of the diaphragm) by rapid twitching of the laryngeal muscles. They have very sensitive mucosa, making intubation tricky.

 

*Purring due to vibration of vocal folds (and of the diaphragm) by rapid twitching of laryngeal muscles

 

*Very sensitive mucosa making intubation tricky

===Ruminants===

===Ruminants===

*Thyroid cartilage completely ventral

The '''thyroid cartilage''' in ruminants is completely ventral. A small median ventricle is present in sheep and goats. There is a narrow glottic cleft, making intubation difficult. The larynx is close to the median '''retropharyngeal lymph node''', so enlargement of the lymph nodes may compress the larynx as well as the [[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|pharynx]].

 

*Small median ventricle is present in sheep and goats

 

*Narrow glottic cleft making intubation difficult

 

*Close to the median retropharyngeal lymph node so enlargement of the lymph nodes may compress the larynx as well as the [[Pharynx - Anatomy & Physiology|pharynx]]

===Porcine===

===Porcine===

*Small laryngeal ventricle present

A small laryngeal ventricle is present and there are double corniculate process in the '''arytenoid cartilages'''. Stimulation of laryngeal mucosa can results in violent laryngeal spasms.

 

*Double corniculate process in arytenoid cartilages

 

*Stimulation of laryngeal mucosa can results in violent laryngeal spasm

===Avian===

===Avian===

*No vocal folds

There are no vocal folds in avian species. Sound in the bird is produced in the [[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology|syrinx]]. The larynx is on the [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]]. There are paired arytenoids, one constrictor and one dilator muscle only. There is no [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]].

 

*Sound in the bird is produced in the [[Syrinx - Anatomy & Physiology|syrinx]]  

 

*Larynx on [[Hyoid Apparatus - Anatomy & Physiology|hyoid apparatus]]

 

*Paired arytenoids, one constrictor and one dilator muscle only

 

*No [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]]

[[Category:Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Respiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology]]

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