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===Epiglottis===

===Epiglottis===

The epiglottis is the rostral margin of the larynx. It is a flap of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage]] covered by mucous membrane. It forms the rostral boundary of the larynx and prevents food particles from entering the trachea. The epiglottis can return to its normal size and shape after distortion due to the vast amount of elastic fibres present within.

The epiglottis is the rostral margin of the larynx. It is a flap of [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage]] covered by mucous membrane. It forms the rostral boundary of the larynx and prevents food particles from entering the trachea. The epiglottis can return to its normal size and shape after distortion due to the vast amount of elastic fibres present within.

Avian species do not have epiglottis.

Avian species do not have epiglottis.

===Thyroid Cartilage===  

===Thyroid Cartilage===  

The thyroid cartilage is a [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]] and forms most of the floor of the larynx. The fusion of the two lateral plates varies in different species. The rostral part forms the 'Adam's apple'. The thyroid cartilage articulates with the '''thyrohyoid bone''' and the '''cricoid cartilage'''. It becomes brittle as the animal ages.

The thyroid cartilage is a [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]] and forms most of the floor of the larynx. The fusion of the two lateral plates varies in different species. The rostral part forms the 'Adam's apple'. The thyroid cartilage articulates with the '''thyrohyoid bone''' and the '''cricoid cartilage'''. It becomes brittle as the animal ages.

===Cricoid Cartilage===

===Cricoid Cartilage===

The cricoid cartilage is also a [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]]. It is signet ring shaped and is wider on the dorsal surface than the ventral surface. There is a crest on the midline of the dorsal surface and facets for '''arytenoid cartilages''' on the rostral edge. The cricoid cartilage articulates with the '''thyroid cartilage'''. It also becomes brittle as the animal ages.

The cricoid cartilage is also a [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]]. It is signet ring shaped and is wider on the dorsal surface than the ventral surface. There is a crest on the midline of the dorsal surface and facets for '''arytenoid cartilages''' on the rostral edge. The cricoid cartilage articulates with the '''thyroid cartilage'''. It also becomes brittle as the animal ages.

===Arytenoid Cartilage===

===Arytenoid Cartilage===

The arytenoid cartilage is also a [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]]. It is paired and articulates with the rostral part of the '''cricoid cartilage'''. A '''vocal process''' is present on the caudal surface where the vocal folds attach; a muscular process extends laterally and a corniculate process extends dorsomedially.

The arytenoid cartilage is also a [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]]. It is paired and articulates with the rostral part of the '''cricoid cartilage'''. A '''vocal process''' is present on the caudal surface where the vocal folds attach; a muscular process extends laterally and a corniculate process extends dorsomedially.

===Epiglottic Cartilage===

===Epiglottic Cartilage===

The epiglottic cartilage is an [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage]], which is the most flexible and most rostral type of cartilage. The thinner stalk-like part, is attached to the root of the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], the body of the '''thyroid cartilage''' and the '''basihyoid bone'''. The larger blade-like part lies behind the soft palate and points dorso-rostrally. During [[Deglutition|deglutition]], the large blade part of the '''epiglottic cartilage''' partially covers the entrance to the trachea.

The epiglottic cartilage is an [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage]], which is the most flexible and most rostral type of cartilage. The thinner stalk-like part, is attached to the root of the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], the body of the '''thyroid cartilage''' and the '''basihyoid bone'''. The larger blade-like part lies behind the soft palate and points dorso-rostrally. During [[Deglutition|deglutition]], the large blade part of the '''epiglottic cartilage''' partially covers the entrance to the trachea.

===Interarytenoid Cartilage===

===Interarytenoid Cartilage===

The interarytenoid cartilage is a nodule of [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]]. It is located between the '''arytenoid cartilages''' dorsally.

The interarytenoid cartilage is a nodule of [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage]]. It is located between the '''arytenoid cartilages''' dorsally.

===Cuneiform Process===

===Cuneiform Process===

The cuneiform process is formed by [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage]]. It supports '''mucosal folds''' from the epiglottis to the '''arytenoid cartilages'''. It is not present in all species and can be free or fused with the '''epiglottic cartilages'''.

The cuneiform process is formed by [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage]]. It supports '''mucosal folds''' from the epiglottis to the '''arytenoid cartilages'''. It is not present in all species and can be free or fused with the '''epiglottic cartilages'''.

==The Vocal and Vestibular Folds==

==The Vocal and Vestibular Folds==

The epiglottis is covered by mucous membrane and contains irregular elastic fibres. They form a dense network of branching fibres around the chondrocytes and less dense branching fibres towards the perichondrium.

The epiglottis is covered by mucous membrane and contains irregular elastic fibres. They form a dense network of branching fibres around the chondrocytes and less dense branching fibres towards the perichondrium.

See [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage histology]] for more information.

See [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Elastic Cartilage|elastic cartilage histology]] for more information.

See [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage histology]] for more information.

See [[Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology#Hyaline Cartilage|hyaline cartilage histology]] for more information.

==Test yourself with the Facial Muscles & Larynx/Pharynx Flashcards==

==Test yourself with the Facial Muscles & Larynx/Pharynx Flashcards==