Changes

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Scapula|Scapula]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Scapula|Scapula]]===

The Scapula forms the basis of the shoulder region, providing points of attachment of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. It is held in place by a synsarcosis of muscles and does not form a conventional articulation with the trunk.

The Scapula forms the basis of the shoulder region, providing points of attachment of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. It is held in place by a synsarcosis of muscles and does not form a conventional articulation with the trunk. The spine culminates in the '''acromion'''. The scapular cartilage is comprised of only a very narrow rim.

*The spine culminates in the '''acromion'''.

*The scapular cartilage is comprised of only a very narrow rim.

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Clavicle|Clavicle]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Clavicle|Clavicle]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Humerus|Humerus]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Humerus|Humerus]]===

The Humerus is the long bone of the forearm, articulating with the scapula to form the shoulder and the radius and ulna to form the elbow. In situ, it lies obliquely along the ventral thorax and is more horizontal in larger species.

The Humerus is the long bone of the forearm, articulating with the scapula to form the shoulder and the radius and ulna to form the elbow. In situ, it lies obliquely along the ventral thorax and is more horizontal in larger species. The greater tubercle is not seperated into two parts like in other species. In dogs and cats, it articulates with the ulna medially via a trochlea and the radius laterally via a '''capitulum'''.

 

*The greater tubercle is not seperated into two parts like in other species

*In dogs and cats, it articulates with the ulna medially via a trochlea and the radius laterally via a '''capitulum'''

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Radius|Radius]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Radius|Radius]]===

*A radial tuberosity provides a site of attachment for brachialis and biceps brachii. This roughened area is very variable in size in dogs and can be non-exsistent.

A radial tuberosity provides a site of attachment for brachialis and biceps brachii. This roughened area is very variable in size in dogs and can be non-exsistent.

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ulna|Ulna]]===

===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ulna|Ulna]]===

*The ulna shaft tapers distally, lying oblique to the radius, i.e. the proximal end lies medial and the distal end lateral to the radius.

The ulna shaft tapers distally, lying oblique to the radius, i.e. the proximal end lies medial and the distal end lateral to the radius. There is a distinct gap between it and the radius, which is filled by the pronator quadratus muscle. The distal styloid process is blunt and articulates with the ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone and ulnar notch of the radius.

*There is a distinct gap between it and the radius, which is filled by the pronator quadratus muscle.

*The distal styloid process is blunt and articulates with the ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone and ulnar notch of the radius.

==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==

==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==