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Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 17:12, 10 January 2011
, 17:12, 10 January 2011→Intrinsic Musculature
Medial:
Medial:
'''Supscapularis''':
:Innervated by: Subscapular n. from the brachial plexus
:Origin: Deep surface of the scapula
:Origin: Deep surface of the scapula
:Insertion: medial tubercle of the humerus
:Insertion: medial tubercle of the humerus
There are no defined extensors of the shoulder. Those involved (brachiocephalic m., biceps brachii, supraspinatus, and ascending pectorals) have other, more primary roles.
There are no defined extensors of the shoulder. Those involved (brachiocephalic m., biceps brachii, supraspinatus, and ascending pectorals) have other, more primary roles.
====Muscles of the Elbow====
====Muscles of the Elbow====
''Extensors'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
''Extensors'':
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
:'''Triceps brachii''': Three heads, four in the dog
::Long head: caudal margin of the scapula
::Lateral, medial, and accessory heads: shaft of the humerus
::Insertion: olecranon, proteced by tricipital bursa against the bone and subcutaneous bursa against the skin
:'''Tensor fasciae antebrachii'''
::Overlies triceps extending from scapula to olecranon
''Flexors'': Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus
:'''Anconeus'''
::Origin: distal humerus
::Insertion: lateral olecranon
''Flexors'':
:Innervated by: Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus
:'''Biceps brachii'''
::Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
::Insertion: medial tuberosity of proximal radius and adjacent ulna
::Runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus
:'''Brachialis'''
::Origin: proximocaudal humerus
::Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps
====Muscles of Supination and Pronation ====
====Muscles of Supination and Pronation ====
''Supinators'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
''Supinators'':
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
''Pronators'': Median n. from the brachial plexus
:'''Brachioradialis'''
::Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
::Insertion: distal medial forearm within superficial fascia
::Prominent in the cat but nearly absent in the dog
:'''Supinator'''
::Deep to extensor muscles, passing from lateral humeral epicondyles to upper medial radius
''Pronators'':
:Innervated by: Median n. from the brachial plexus
:'''Pronator teres''': only functional in cat and dog
::Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
::Insertion: supinator
:'''Pronator quadratus''': only found in carnivores
::Origin: shaft of the ulna
::Insertion: shaft of the radius
====Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints====
====Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints====
''Extensors'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
''Extensors'':
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
:Craniolateral position on the forearm
:Almost all originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
:'''Extensor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone
:'''Ulnaris lateralis''': most lateral, inserts on accessory carpal bone
:'''Extensor carpi obliquus''': aka '''abductor pollicis longus'''
::Origin: cranial radius
::Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone
:Last two may also serve in medial deviation of the paw
:'''Common Digital Extensor'''
::Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit
::Sends a medial branch to dew claw and medial digits in all but horse and cat
:'''Lateral Digital Extensor'''
::Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanx
''Flexors'':
:Innervated by: Median or Ulnar n. of the brachial plexus
:Caudal position on the forearm
:Originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus
:'''Flexor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone
:'''Flexor carpi ulnaris''': most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone
:'''Superficial Digital Flexor'''
::Branches according to the number of digis and inserts in proximal interphalangeal joint
:'''Deep Digital Flexor'''
::Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges
''Interosseus muscles''
''Interosseus muscles''
:Support metacarpophalnageal joints
:Arise from palmar proximal metacarpal bones and insert on sesamoid bones within the joints, continued by ligaments to phalanges
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==