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Medial:
 
Medial:
:Innervated by: '''Supscapularis''': Subscapular n. from the brachial plexus
+
'''Supscapularis''':
 +
:Innervated by: Subscapular n. from the brachial plexus
 
:Origin: Deep surface of the scapula
 
:Origin: Deep surface of the scapula
 
:Insertion: medial tubercle of the humerus
 
:Insertion: medial tubercle of the humerus
Line 193: Line 194:     
There are no defined extensors of the shoulder.  Those involved (brachiocephalic m., biceps brachii, supraspinatus, and ascending pectorals) have other, more primary roles.
 
There are no defined extensors of the shoulder.  Those involved (brachiocephalic m., biceps brachii, supraspinatus, and ascending pectorals) have other, more primary roles.
 +
    
====Muscles of the Elbow====
 
====Muscles of the Elbow====
''Extensors'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
+
''Extensors'':
*'''Triceps brachii''': Three heads, four in the dog
+
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
**Long head: caudal margin of the scapula
+
 
**Lateral, medial, and accessory heads: shaft of the humerus
+
:'''Triceps brachii''': Three heads, four in the dog
**Insertion: olecranon, proteced by tricipital bursa against the bone and subcutaneous bursa against the skin
+
::Long head: caudal margin of the scapula
*'''Tensor fasciae antebrachii'''
+
::Lateral, medial, and accessory heads: shaft of the humerus
**Overlies triceps extending from scapula to olecranon
+
::Insertion: olecranon, proteced by tricipital bursa against the bone and subcutaneous bursa against the skin
*'''Anconeus'''
+
 
**Origin: distal humerus
+
:'''Tensor fasciae antebrachii'''
**Insertion: lateral olecranon
+
::Overlies triceps extending from scapula to olecranon
   −
''Flexors'': Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus
+
:'''Anconeus'''
*'''Biceps brachii'''
+
::Origin: distal humerus
**Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
+
::Insertion: lateral olecranon
**Insertion: medial tuberosity of proximal radius and adjacent ulna
+
 
**Runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus
+
 
*'''Brachialis'''
+
''Flexors'':
**Origin: proximocaudal humerus
+
:Innervated by: Musculocutaneous n. from the brachial plexus
**Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps
+
 
 +
:'''Biceps brachii'''
 +
::Origin: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
 +
::Insertion: medial tuberosity of proximal radius and adjacent ulna
 +
::Runs through the intertubercular groove of the humerus
 +
 
 +
:'''Brachialis'''
 +
::Origin: proximocaudal humerus
 +
::Insertion: spirals to insert next to biceps
    
====Muscles of Supination and Pronation ====
 
====Muscles of Supination and Pronation ====
''Supinators'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
+
''Supinators'':
*'''Brachioradialis'''
+
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
**Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  −
**Insertion: distal medial forearm within superficial fascia
  −
**Prominent in the cat but nearly absent in the dog
  −
*'''Supinator'''
  −
**Deep to extensor muscles,  passing from lateral humeral epicondyles to upper medial radius
     −
''Pronators'': Median n. from the brachial plexus
+
:'''Brachioradialis'''
*'''Pronator teres''': only functional in cat and dog
+
::Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
**Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
+
::Insertion: distal medial forearm within superficial fascia
**Insertion: supinator
+
::Prominent in the cat but nearly absent in the dog
*'''Pronator quadratus''': only found in carnivores
+
 
**Origin: shaft of the ulna
+
:'''Supinator'''
**Insertion: shaft of the radius
+
::Deep to extensor muscles,  passing from lateral humeral epicondyles to upper medial radius
 +
 
 +
 
 +
''Pronators'':
 +
:Innervated by: Median n. from the brachial plexus
 +
 
 +
:'''Pronator teres''': only functional in cat and dog
 +
::Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
 +
::Insertion: supinator
 +
 
 +
:'''Pronator quadratus''': only found in carnivores
 +
::Origin: shaft of the ulna
 +
::Insertion: shaft of the radius
    
====Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints====
 
====Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints====
''Extensors'': Radial n. from the brachial plexus
+
''Extensors'':
*Craniolateral position on the forearm
+
:Innervated by: Radial n. from the brachial plexus
*Almost all originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
+
:Craniolateral position on the forearm
*'''Extensor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone  
+
:Almost all originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
*'''Ulnaris lateralis''': most lateral, inserts on accessory carpal bone
+
 
*'''Extensor carpi obliquus''': aka '''abductor pollicis longus'''
+
:'''Extensor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone  
**Origin: cranial radius  
+
 
**Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone  
+
:'''Ulnaris lateralis''': most lateral, inserts on accessory carpal bone
*Last two may also serve in medial deviation of the paw
+
 
*'''Common Digital Extensor'''
+
:'''Extensor carpi obliquus''': aka '''abductor pollicis longus'''
**Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit
+
::Origin: cranial radius  
**Sends a medial branch to dew claw and medial digits in all but horse and cat
+
::Insertion: most medial metacarpal bone  
*'''Lateral Digital Extensor'''
+
 
**Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanx
+
:Last two may also serve in medial deviation of the paw
 +
 
 +
 
 +
:'''Common Digital Extensor'''
 +
::Insertion: extensor process of the distal phalanx of each digit
 +
::Sends a medial branch to dew claw and medial digits in all but horse and cat
 +
 
 +
:'''Lateral Digital Extensor'''
 +
::Insertion: dorsal proximal phalanx
 +
 
 +
''Flexors'':
 +
:Innervated by: Median or Ulnar n. of the brachial plexus
 +
:Caudal position on the forearm
 +
:Originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus
 +
 
 +
:'''Flexor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone
 +
 
 +
:'''Flexor carpi ulnaris''': most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone
 +
 
 +
:'''Superficial Digital Flexor'''
 +
::Branches according to the number of digis and inserts in proximal interphalangeal joint
 +
 
 +
:'''Deep Digital Flexor'''
 +
::Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges
 +
 
   −
''Flexors'': Median or Ulnar n. of the brachial plexus
  −
*Caudal position on the forearm
  −
*Originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus
  −
*'''Flexor carpi radialis''': most medial, inserts on upper 2nd/3rd metacarpal bone
  −
*'''Flexor carpi ulnaris''': most lateral, inserts on the accessory carpal bone
  −
*'''Superficial Digital Flexor'''
  −
**Branches according to the number of digis and inserts in proximal interphalangeal joint
  −
*'''Deep Digital Flexor'''
  −
**Passes through carpal canal before branching and continues to palmar distal phalanges
      
''Interosseus muscles''
 
''Interosseus muscles''
*Support metacarpophalnageal joints
+
:Support metacarpophalnageal joints
*Arise from palmar proximal metacarpal bones and insert on sesamoid bones within the joints, continued by ligaments to phalanges
+
:Arise from palmar proximal metacarpal bones and insert on sesamoid bones within the joints, continued by ligaments to phalanges
    
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
 
==Vasculature of the Forelimb==
Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
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