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==Common structures of the Proximal Hindlimb and Pelvis==

==Common structures of the Proximal Hindlimb and Pelvis==

===Ilium===

===Ilium===

* The ilium makes up the craniodorsal part of the hip bone.

 

* It extends in a cranio-dorsal direction from the hip joint to the articulation with sacrum.

The ilium makes up the craniodorsal part of the hip bone. It extends in a cranio-dorsal direction, from the hip joint to the articulation with the sacrum. It is made from a cranial wing and a caudal body.

* It is made from a cranial wing and a caudal body.

 

'''''Ilial Wing'''''

'''''Ilial Wing'''''

* The margin of the wing is known as the '''iliac crest'''. Along the crest are two very important anatomical landmarks:

 

** '''Tuber Coxae''' or Coxal Tuberosity forms the palpable point of the hip.

The margin of the wing is known as the '''iliac crest'''. Along the crest are two very important anatomical landmarks:

** '''Sacral Tuber''' is the thickened mediodorsal angle of the ilial wing.

 

* The '''lateral''' surface of the wing provides a point of attachment for the gluteal muscles.

'''Tuber Coxae''' or Coxal Tuberosity forms the palpable point of the hip.

* The '''medial''' surface has two distinct parts:

 

** The lateroventral part provides the point of insertion for many pelvic muscles.

'''Sacral Tuber''' is the thickened mediodorsal angle of the ilial wing.

** The mediodorsal part articulate with the '''sacrum''' forming the '''sacroiliac joint'''

 

* The caudodorsal border of the wing is very concave and along its surface exists the '''greater sciatic notch'''. This is where the '''sciatic nerve''' runs over the ilium.

The '''lateral''' surface of the wing provides a point of attachment for the gluteal muscles. The '''medial''' surface has two distinct parts:  

 

1. The lateroventral part provides the point of insertion for many pelvic muscles.

 

2. The mediodorsal part articulates with the '''sacrum''' forming the '''sacroiliac joint'''.

 

The caudodorsal border of the wing is very concave and along its surface exists the '''greater sciatic notch'''. This is where the '''sciatic nerve''' runs over the ilium.

 

'''''Ilial Body'''''

'''''Ilial Body'''''

* The only anatomical feature of note is the '''psoas tubercle''' on the ventral border. This provides attachment for the psoas muscle.

 

'''''[[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|Ossification Centers of the Ilium]]'''''

The only anatomical feature of note is the '''psoas tubercle''' on the ventral border. This provides attachment for the psoas muscle.

 

Click here for [[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ilium|Ossification centers of the ilium]].

===Ischium===

===Ischium===

The Ischium can be divided into three main sections:

The Ischium can be divided into three main sections:

* The '''body'''

 

** Is part of the acetabulum

1. The '''body'''

** The dorsal border is continuous with that of the ilium forming the '''ischiatic spine'''; this tapers towards the lesser sciatic notch.

 

* The '''caudal plate'''

Is part of the acetabulum. The dorsal border is continuous with that of the ilium forming the '''ischiatic spine'''; this tapers towards the lesser sciatic notch.

** Extends cranially into the symphysial and acetabular branches, which form the caudal borders of the '''obturator foramen'''.

 

** The caudal section is thickened forming the '''ischial tuberosity'''. This is a visible landmark in most animals.

2. The '''caudal plate'''

** The medial caudal borders meet in a concave fashion forming a broad and deep notch called the '''ischial arch'''.

 

* The '''medial branch'''

Extends cranially into the symphysial and acetabular branches, which form the caudal borders of the '''obturator foramen'''. The caudal section is thickened forming the '''ischial tuberosity'''. This is a visible landmark in most animals. The medial caudal borders meet in a concave fashion forming a broad and deep notch called the '''ischial arch'''.

** This forms the caudal section of the pelvic symphysis

 

'''''[[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|Ossification Centers of the Ischium]]'''''

3. The '''medial branch'''

 

This forms the caudal section of the pelvic symphysis.

 

Click here for [[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Ischium|ossification centers of the ischium]].

===Pubis===

===Pubis===

*The pubis is a L shaped bone that makes up one of the three bones of the pelvis.

 

*It consists of three parts:

The pubis is an L shaped bone that makes up one of the three bones of the pelvis. It consists of three parts:

**'''Body'''

 

**Transerse '''acetabular branch''' - the cranial edge of which is the '''pectin of pubis''' and forms the '''iliopubic emminence''', to which some of the abdominal muscles attach.

1. '''Body'''

**Sagittal '''symphysial branch'''

 

*The two pubis fuse at the cranial section of the '''pubic symphysis'''. Lying off the ventral surface of the symphysis is the '''ventral pubic tubercle'''.

2. Transerse '''acetabular branch'''  

*The pubis forms more than half the '''obturator foramen'''. This is an opening in the pelvic floor that allows the obturator nerve to pass through it; the foramen is closed by musculature and soft tissue.

 

'''''[[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|Ossification Centers of the Pubis]]

The cranial edge of which is the '''pectin of pubis''' and forms the '''iliopubic emminence''', to which some of the abdominal muscles attach.

 

3. Sagittal '''symphysial branch'''

 

The two pubis fuse at the cranial section of the '''pubic symphysis'''. Lying off the ventral surface of the symphysis is the '''ventral pubic tubercle'''. The pubis forms more than half the '''obturator foramen'''. This is an opening in the pelvic floor that allows the obturator nerve to pass through it; the foramen is closed by musculature and soft tissue.

 

Click here for the [[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Pubis|ossification centers of the pubis]].

===Femur===

===Femur===

The femur is the strongest of the long bones and provides the origin and attachment for many muscles and tendons. This means that it is charcacteristically modelled for each species. Despite this it can be divided into three basic parts:

The femur is the strongest of the long bones and provides the origin and attachment for many muscles and tendons. This means that it is charcacteristically modelled for each species. Despite this it can be divided into three basic parts:

'''''The Femoral Head'''''

 

* The head is offset from the main shaft of the femur, points in a medial direction and articulates with the acetabulum.

1. '''''The Femoral Head'''''

* It has a hemispherical articular surface with an associated '''notch''', ''fovea capitis'', which provides attachment for the '''intracapsular ligament'''.  

 

* Lateral to the head is the '''greater trochanter'''. This process provides attachment to the gluteal muscles.  

The head is offset from the main shaft of the femur, points in a medial direction and articulates with the acetabulum. It has a hemispherical articular surface with an associated '''notch''', ''fovea capitis'', which provides attachment for the '''intracapsular ligament'''. Lateral to the head is the '''greater trochanter'''. This process provides attachment to the gluteal muscles. The '''trochantic fossa''' seperates the greater trochanter and the neck of the femur. It provides a site of insertion for the deep hip muscles. The '''lesser trochanter''' is a smaller process on the medial side that provides a site of attachment for the iliopsoas.

* The '''trochantic fossa''' seperates the greater trochanter and the neck of the femur. It provides a site of insertion for the deep hip muscles.  

 

* The '''lesser trochanter''' is a smaller process on the medial side that provides a site of attachment for the iliopsoas.

2. '''''Femoral Shaft'''''

'''''Femoral Shaft'''''

 

* The caudal surface is roughened proximally and is framed by the '''medial and lateral lips'''

The caudal surface is roughened proximally and is framed by the '''medial and lateral lips'''. These lips extend distally and enclose the '''popliteal surface'''. They also provide attachment for the adductor muscles.

* These lips extend distally and enclose the '''popliteal surface'''. They also provide attachment for the adductor muscles.

 

'''''Distal Extremity'''''

3. '''''Distal Extremity'''''

* This consists of the '''medial and lateral condyles''' caudally and a trochlea cranially.

 

* The condyles articulate with the tibia and menisci to form the '''femorotibial joint'''.  

This consists of the '''medial and lateral condyles''' caudally and a trochlea cranially. The condyles articulate with the tibia and menisci to form the '''femorotibial joint'''. The '''intercondylar fossa''' lies between the condyles and is seperated from the polpiteal surface by the '''intercondylar line'''. Both condyles are roughened on their abaxial surfaces providing attachment for the collateral ligaments of the stifle joint.

* The '''intercondylar fossa''' lies between the condyles and is seperated from the polpiteal surface by the '''intercondylar line'''.

* Both condyles are roughened on their abaxial surfaces providing attachment for the collateral ligaments of the stifle joint.

* The '''extensor fossa''' is one of a pair of depressions on the lateral condyle. It is the more cranial of the two and forms an attachment point for the long digital extensor and third perineal muscle. The caudal depression gives origin to the popliteal.

* The '''extensor fossa''' is one of a pair of depressions on the lateral condyle. It is the more cranial of the two and forms an attachment point for the long digital extensor and third perineal muscle. The caudal depression gives origin to the popliteal.

* On the caudal aspect of each condyle are facets for the articulation with the '''fabellae'''. These are sesamoid bones that are embedded in the tendinous insertion of the '''gastrocnemius'''.

* On the caudal aspect of each condyle are facets for the articulation with the '''fabellae'''. These are sesamoid bones that are embedded in the tendinous insertion of the '''gastrocnemius'''. The '''trochlea''' is made up of two ridges and a groove that articulates with the '''patella''' to form the '''femeropatellar joint'''.

* The '''trochlea''' is made up of two ridges and a groove that articulate with the '''patella''' to form the '''femeropatellar joint'''.

 

'''''[[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|Ossification Centers of the Femur]]'''''

Click here for the [[Ossification Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Femur|ossification centers of the femur]].

==Joints of the Proximal Hindlimb==

==Joints of the Proximal Hindlimb==