Changes

==Joints of the Proximal Hindlimb==

==Joints of the Proximal Hindlimb==

===Sacroiliac Joint===

===Sacroiliac Joint===

*This is a '''synovial joint''' that is formed by the articulations between the auricular surfaces of the ilial wing and the sacrum.  

 

*It has a joint capsule that tightly surrounds the joint and is strengthened by the '''ventral sacroiliac ligaments'''.

This is a '''synovial joint''' that is formed by the articulations between the auricular surfaces of the ilial wing and the sacrum. It has a joint capsule that tightly surrounds the joint and is strengthened by the '''ventral sacroiliac ligaments'''. The sacroiliac ligaments are:

*The sacroiliac ligaments are:

 

**'''Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments''' - these lie between the iliac tuberosity and the dorsal aspect of the sacral wing.

1. '''Interosseous sacroiliac ligaments''' - these lie between the iliac tuberosity and the dorsal aspect of the sacral wing.

**'''Dorsal Sacroiliac ligaments''' - this is made up of two branches. The short branch connects the sacral tuber to either the mammilary processes (carnivores and pigs)or to the spinous processes (ruminants and horses) of the sacrum. The long branch connects the sacral tuber to the lateral aspect of the sacrum.

 

*The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' is highly variable among species.

2. '''Dorsal Sacroiliac ligaments''' - this is made up of two branches. The short branch connects the sacral tuber to either the mammilary processes (carnivores and pigs)or to the spinous processes (ruminants and horses) of the sacrum. The long branch connects the sacral tuber to the lateral aspect of the sacrum.

 

3. The '''sacrotuberous ligament''' - is highly variable among species.

===Coxafemoral/Hip Joint===

===Coxafemoral/Hip Joint===

* This is a spheroidal joint formed by the femoral head and the '''acetabulum'''.

 

* The '''acetabulum'''  

This is a spheroidal joint formed by the femoral head and the '''acetabulum'''. The '''acetabulum''' is formed by all three pelvic bones and an additional '''small acetabular bone''' in carnivores. The craniolateral part is made by the ilium, the caudolateral part by the ischium and the medial part by the pubis. The cavity of the acetabulum consists of a peripheral '''articular lunate surface''' and the non-articular '''acetabular fossa''' in it's centre. The lunate surface is crescent shaped and has on its medial aspect the '''acetabular notch'''. Cattle also have a '''cranioventral notch ''' present. The '''acetabular lip''' is a band of fibrocartilage that lies on the acetabular rim, thus deepening the acetabulum. The joint capsule is large and attaches to the acetabular lip.

** Formed by all three pelvic bones and an additional '''small acetabular bone''' in carnivores that is present in carnivores.

 

** The craniolateral part is made by the ilium, the caudolateral part by the ischium and the medial part by the pubis.

The '''ligament of the femoral head''' connects the fovea in the head, by running through the acetabular notch, to the acetabular fossa. It is covered by a synovial membrane and for the majority is intracapsular. The '''acessory ligament of the femur''' is only present in the horse. It originates from the straight muscle of the abdomen and passes through the acetabular notch to finally attach in the fovea of the femoral head. The '''transverse acetabular ligament''' crosses the acetabular notch and ensures that the other two ligaments remain in their notch.

** The cavity of the acetabulum consists of a peripheral '''articular lunate surface''' and the non-articular '''acetabular fossa''' in it's centre.

** The lunate surface is crescent shaped and has on its medial aspect the '''acetabular notch'''.

** Cattle also have a '''cranioventral notch ''' present.

** The '''acetabular lip''' is a band of fibrocartilage that lies on the acetabular rim, thus deepening the acetabulum.

* The joint capsule is large and attaches to the acetabular lip.

* The '''ligament of the femoral head''' connects the fovea in the head, by running through the acetabular notch, to the acetabular fossa. It is covered by a synovial membrane and for the majority is intracapsular.

* The '''acessory ligament of the femur''' is only present in the horse. It originates from the straight muscle of the abdomen and passes through the acetabular notch to finally attach in the fovea of the femoral head.

* The '''transverse acetabular ligament''' crosses the acetabular notch and ensures that the other two ligaments remain in their notch.

==Common Structures of the Distal Hindlimb==

==Common Structures of the Distal Hindlimb==