Changes

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Stifle Joint|Stifle Joint]]'''

[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]

[[Image:stifle anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Stifle, Cranial Caudal View - Copyright RVC]]

 

The canine stifle joint posesses a '''transverse ligament''' of the menisci. It also possesses one '''patellar ligament''' that is formed from the distal insertion of the quadriceps and connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is seperated from the joint capsule by the '''infrapatellar fat pad'''. There is often a synovial bursa between the distal part of the ligament and the tibial tuberosity. The medial and lateral '''femeropatellar ligaments''' extend from the patellas to the femoral epicondyles and also have attachments to the '''fabella'''. These are two small sesamoid bones that are embedded in the head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The joint capsule communicates directly with the femorotibial joint forming three sacs. One for the femeropatellar and one each for the medial and lateral femerotibial. These also contain the fabellae. The lateral pouch is extended to form the proximal tibiofibular joint capsule.

 

* Posesses a '''transverse ligament''' of the menisci.

* The dog possesses one '''patellar ligament''' that is formed from the distal insertion of the quadriceps and connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It seperated from the joint capsule by the '''infrapatellar fat pad'''. There is often a synovial bursa between the distal part of the ligament and the tibial tuberosity.

The canine '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal Joint/Hock|tarsal joint/hock]]''' has lateral movement as well as flexion and extension in their proximal intertarsal joints. The '''short medial collateral ligament''' has an extra branch in dogs that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.

* The medial and lateral '''femeropatellar ligaments''' extend from the patellas to the femoral epicondyles and also have attachments to the '''fabella'''. These are two small sesamoid bones that are embedded in the head of the gastrocnemius muscle.

* The joint capsule communicates directly with the femorotibial joint forming three sacs. One for the femeropatellar and one each for the medial and lateral femerotibial. These also contain the fabellae. The lateral pouch is extended to form the proximal tibiofibular joint capsule.

 

 

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tarsal Joint/Hock|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''

 

* Dogs have lateral movement as well as flexion and extension in their proximal intertarsal joints.  

* The '''short medial collateral ligament''' has an extra branch in dogs that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.

 

===Musculature===

===Musculature===

 

The '''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Stifle|muscles of the stifle]]''' in canines have quadriceps divisions less well defined than in other species and the popliteal tendon of origin contains a sesamoid bone in carnivores.

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Stifle|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

* The division of the four parts of the quadriceps is less well defined than in other species.

* The popliteal tendon of origin contains a sesamoid bone in carnivores.

 

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Canine Crus|Muscles of the Canine Crus]]'''

'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Muscles of the Canine Crus|Muscles of the Canine Crus]]'''