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*'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and their effects <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>.
 
*'''Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase:'''<ref name="multiple"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''' Second Edition,2007</ref> consequently there is an increase in cyclic AMP, which in turn leads to greater catecholamine release and their effects <ref name="multiples">Tilley Smith'''The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Canine and Feline''' (Third Edition), ''Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins'' </ref>.
 
*'''Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:''' <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>.
 
*'''Modulation of Intracellular Calcium Concentrations:''' <ref name=multiples> '''http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/211104.htm''', accessed on 04.10.2010 </ref>.
Ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac dysrhythmias are most frequently the ultimate cause of death.<ref> Carson TL (2006) Methylxanthines. In: ''Small Animal Toxicology'', ed. ME Peterson, PA Talcott, pp.845-852. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis in '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''' Chapter 19, Second Edition,2007 </ref>, <ref> Holmgren P, Norden-Petterson L and Ahlner J (2004)Caffeine fatalaties: four case reports. ''Forensic Science International'' '''139''', 71-73 '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''' Second Edition,2007 </ref>
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Ventricular fibrillation, and other cardiac dysrhythmias are most frequently the ultimate cause of death.<ref> Carson TL (2006) Methylxanthines. In: ''Small Animal Toxicology'', ed. ME Peterson, PA Talcott, pp.845-852. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis in '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''' Chapter 19, Second Edition,2007 </ref>, <ref> Holmgren P, Norden-Petterson L and Ahlner J (2004)Caffeine fatalaties: four case reports. ''Forensic Science International'' '''139''', 71-73 '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency Care''' Second Edition,2007 </ref>.
    
==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
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