Changes

'''Maxilla'''

'''Maxilla'''

[[Image:Horse Maxilla.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Horse Maxilla - Copyright RVC]]

[[Image:Horse Maxilla.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Horse Maxilla - Copyright RVC]]

 

The maxilla forms most of the facial part of the skull, including the lateral walls of the face, nasal cavity, [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] and [[Hard Palate|hard palate]]. It also forms the ventral nasal conchae and  articulates with all of the facial bones as it is the largest bone of the face. The maxillary body encloses the '''maxillary sinuses''' and forms the external surface of the face. It also forms the '''facial crest'''. The '''infraorbital foramen''' is  palpable. The '''conchal crest''' is on nasal surface where the ventral nasal conchae attaches. The '''lacrimal canal''' opens into the '''lacrimal foramen''' on the nasal surface. The '''pterygopalatine surfaces''' are the caudal part of the maxilla which terminate in the '''maxillary tubercle''' where the '''sphenopalatine, maxillary''' and '''caudal palatine foramen''' are present. The '''alveolar processes''' present are separated by '''interalveolar septa'''. The '''palatine process''' forms the '''[[Hard Palate|hard palate]]''' with the palatine bone. The '''palatine fissure''' is formed at the articulation with the incisive bone. The nasal surface of palatine process forms the '''nasal crest''' and encloses part of the palatine sinuses. The oral surface has numerous palatine foramina present.

*Forms most of the facial part of the skull, including the lateral walls of the face, nasal cavity, [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity]] and [[Hard Palate|hard palate]]

*Forms the ventral nasal conchae

*It articulates with all of the facial bones as it is the largest bone of the face

*The maxillary body encloses the maxillary sinuses and forms the external surface of the face

**Facial crest present

*Infraorbital foramen palpable

*Conchal crest on nasal surface where the ventral nasal conchae attaches

*Lacrimal canal opens into the lacrimal foramen on the nasal surface

*Pterygopalatine surfaces are the caudal part of the maxilla which terminate in the maxillary tubercle where the sphenopalatine, maxillary and caudal palatine foramen are present

*Alveolar processes present separated by interalveolar septa

*Palatine process forms the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]] with the palatine bone

*Palatine fissure formed at the articulation with the incisive bone

*Nasal surface of palatine process forms the nasal crest and encloses part of the palatine sinuses

*Oral surface has numerous palatine foramina present

[[Image:Cow Mandible.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mandible of the Cow in situ - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Cow Mandible.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mandible of the Cow in situ - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

 

'''Mandible (mandibula)'''

 

===Mandible (mandibula)===

*The mandible can be divided into the body and the ramus

The mandible can be divided into the '''body''' and the '''ramus'''. The body of the mandible supports the incisor teeth (rostrally) and cheek teeth (caudally). The section of the body which does not support any teeth is called the '''interalveolar margin''' or '''diastema'''. The mandibular also contains the '''mandibular canal''' and the '''mental foramen'''. The '''facial notch''' is on the ventral surface where the '''parotid duct''' (in herbivores) and facial vessels run.

*The body of the mandible supports the incisor teeth (rostrally) and cheek teeth (caudally)

**The section of the body which does not support any teeth is called the interalveolar margin or diastema

**Mandibular canal present

**Mental foramen present

**Facial notch on ventral surface where the parotid duct (in herbivores) and facial vessels run

[[Image:Parrot Mandible.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mandible of the Parrot - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Parrot Mandible.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mandible of the Parrot - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

*The ramus extend from the caudal end of the body dorsally towards the zygomatic arch

The '''ramus''' extends from the caudal end of the body dorsally towards the zygomatic arch. The '''masseter muscle''' attaches to the lateral surface at the '''masseteric fossa'''. The '''medial pterygoid''' attaches to the medial surface at the '''pterygoid fossa'''. The angle of the mandible terminates dorsally in the '''condylar process''' and the '''coronoid process''' which are separated by the '''mandibular notch'''. The '''temporal muscle''' inserts onto the '''coronoid head'''. The condylar process articulates with the mandibular process of the skull (see [[Mastication#Jaw Articulation|here]]).

**The masseter muscle attaches to the lateral surface at the masseteric fossa

**The medial pterygoid attaches to the medial surface at the pterygoid fossa

**The angle of the mandible terminates dorsally in the condylar process and the coronoid process which are separated by the mandibular notch

**The temporal muscle inserts onto the coronoid head

**The condylar process articulates with the mandibular process of the skull (see [[Mastication#Jaw Articulation|here]])

==Major Foramen and Canals==

==Major Foramen and Canals==