Changes

The '''optic canal''' passes from the '''optic chiasma''' over wings of the presphenoid bones and facilitates the path of the '''optic nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN II]]). The '''oval foramen''' is found within the caudal wing of the basisphenoid bones and the '''mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V3]]) passes through it. The '''alar canal''' is formed by the rostral border of the basisphenoid bone at the base of the pterygoid processes. It is composed of the '''caudal alar foramen, rostral alar foramen''' and the '''small alar foramen'''. The '''maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V2]]) passes through together with the '''temporal artery'''.

The '''optic canal''' passes from the '''optic chiasma''' over wings of the presphenoid bones and facilitates the path of the '''optic nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN II]]). The '''oval foramen''' is found within the caudal wing of the basisphenoid bones and the '''mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V3]]) passes through it. The '''alar canal''' is formed by the rostral border of the basisphenoid bone at the base of the pterygoid processes. It is composed of the '''caudal alar foramen, rostral alar foramen''' and the '''small alar foramen'''. The '''maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V2]]) passes through together with the '''temporal artery'''.

[[Image:Pig Foramen Ventral.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foramen of the Pig (includes jugular, stylomastoid and lacernum - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Pig Foramen Ventral.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Foramen of the Pig (includes jugular, stylomastoid and lacernum - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

The '''stylomastoid foramen''' is situated on the petrosal part of the temporal bone and allows the '''facial nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]) to pass through.

The '''stylomastoid foramen''' is situated on the petrosal part of the temporal bone and allows the '''facial nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]) to pass through. The '''ethmoidal foramen''' perforates the orbital part of the frontal bone allowing the '''olfactory nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN I]]) and '''ethmoidal artery and vein'' to pass through.

 

**Perforate the orbital part of the frontal bone

**Olfactory nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN I]])

**Ethmoidal artery and vein

[[Image:Cow Skull dorsal view.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cow skull (supraorbital foramen, temporal line, supramastoid crest and supraorbital groove labelled) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Cow Skull dorsal view.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cow skull (supraorbital foramen, temporal line, supramastoid crest and supraorbital groove labelled) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

The '''orbital fissure''' is on the presphenoid bone and allows the '''opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V1]]), '''occulomotor nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN III]]), '''trochlear nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IV]]) and the '''abducens nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VI]]) to pass through. The '''supraorbital foramen''' is on the frontal bone and allows the '''opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V1]]) to pass through together with the '''frontal artery and vein'''. The '''infraorbital foramen''' is on the maxilla and allows the '''maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V2]]) to pass through together with the '''infraorbital artery and vein'''.

**On the presphenoid bone

**Opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V1]]), occulomotor nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN III]]), trochlear nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IV]]) and the abducens nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VI]])

 

**On the frontal bone

**Opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V1]])

**Frontal artery and vein

 

**On the maxilla

**Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V2]])

**Infraorbital artery and vein

[[Image:Mental and Infraorbital Foramen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mental and Infraorbital foramen (dog) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

[[Image:Mental and Infraorbital Foramen.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Mental and Infraorbital foramen (dog) - Copyright nabrown RVC]]

The '''mental foramen''' is on rostral end of the mandible and allows the '''mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V3]]) and the '''mental artery and vein''' to pass. The '''palatine canal''' runs through horizontal plate of palatine bone and allows the '''palatine artery''', '''palatine vein''' and '''palatine nerves''' to pass through. The '''internal acoustic meatus''' is made up of the medial surface of the petrosal part of the temporal bone and is the facial opening for the '''facial nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]]). It is also the cochlear opening, dorsal vestibule opening and the ventral vestibule opening for the '''vestibulocochlear nerve''' ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VIII]]).

**On rostral end of the mandible

**Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN V3]])

**Mental artery and vein

 

**Runs through horizontal plate of palatine bone

**Palatine artery

**Palatine vein

**Palatine nerves

 

**Medial surface of the petrosal part of the temporal bone

**Facial opening for the facial nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VII]])

**Cochlear opening, dorsal vestibule opening and the ventral vestibule opening for the vestibulocochlear nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN VIII]])

==Facial Muscles==

==Facial Muscles==