Changes

===Endotracheal Tube removal===

===Endotracheal Tube removal===

The time of ''endotracheal (ET) tube removal'' varies between species. In any patient, however, close monitoring should continue before and after removal of the ET tube. In dogs, it is possibly to leave the tube in until the dog is sitting in sternal as many dogs will tolerate ET tube placement; it can, however be removed when the patient is swallowing spontaneously. A delay in removing the tube can result in the patient chewing on the tube and damaging it. In cats, ET tubes should be removed before the animal becomes conscious to reduce the risk of laryngeal spasm which may result in laryngeal oedema and obstruction. In horses, ET tubes may be removed early to prevent damage, and a nasal tube can be placed to provide a supplementary oxygen if this is indicated.

The time of ''endotracheal (ET) tube removal'' varies between species. In any patient, however, close monitoring should continue before and after removal of the ET tube. In dogs, it is possible to leave the tube in until the dog is sitting in sternal recumbency as many dogs will tolerate ET tube placement; sometimes it can even be removed when the patient is swallowing spontaneously. It is especially important to exubate brachycephalic dogs later rather than sooner as the soft palate can occlude the airway. A delay in removing the tube can result in the patient chewing on the tube and damaging it. In cats, ET tubes should be removed before the animal becomes conscious to reduce the risk of laryngeal spasm which may result in damage. In horses, ET tubes should be removed early to prevent damage, and a nasal tube can be placed to provide a supplementary oxygen if this is indicated, and also to aid drainage.

===Temperature===

===Temperature===

One concern with patients undergoing anaesthesia is hypothermia; it is important to [[Manual_Techniques#Temperature|monitor the temperature]] of patients during and after any anaesthetic. If necessary, techniques to try and prevent further temperature loss and to try warm up the patient can be instigated as soon as possible. Indirect heat sources such as 'hot hands' (examination gloves filled with hot water and tied off with a knot at the wrist) placed between the patient and a towel, for example are required for heating the patient that is slightly hypothermic, and preserving heat loss from the extremities by insulating the limbs with 'bubble wrap' will all help to maintain the patient's core temperature. Never use a direct heat course as the animal is not able to move away from the heat and can potentially sustain tissue burns as a result.

One concern with patients undergoing anaesthesia is hypothermia; it is important to [[Manual Techniques for Anaesthesia Monitoring#Temperature|monitor the temperature]] of patients during and after any anaesthetic. If necessary, techniques to try and prevent further temperature loss and to try warm up the patient can be instigated as soon as possible. Indirect heat sources such as 'hot hands' (examination gloves filled with hot water and tied off with a knot at the wrist) placed between the patient and a towel, for example are required for heating the patient that is slightly hypothermic, and preserving heat loss from the extremities by insulating the limbs with 'bubble wrap' will all help to maintain the patient's core temperature. Never use a direct heat course as the animal is not able to move away from the heat and can potentially sustain tissue burns as a result.

==Post Operative Analgesia==

==Post Operative Analgesia==