| Line 106: |
Line 106: |
| | ===[[Sodium and Water Excess]]=== | | ===[[Sodium and Water Excess]]=== |
| | | | |
| − | | + | ===[[Sodium Excess]]=== |
| − | | |
| − | ===Sodium Excess=== | |
| − | | |
| − | * Known as "salt poisoning".
| |
| − | * Occurs sporadically in the U.K. as a group or herd problem in intensive systems.
| |
| − | * Mainly affects pigs and poultry.
| |
| − | * Caused by:
| |
| − | ** Accidental ingestion of excess salt
| |
| − | *** Either by dietary contamination, or error.
| |
| − | ** Deprivation of water on relatively high salt diets.
| |
| − | *** This is the more likely scenario.
| |
| − | * Salt poisioning may be
| |
| − | ** Peracute/ acute
| |
| − | ** Subacute/ chronic
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Peracute / acute====
| |
| − | | |
| − | * Peracute cases are often found dead.
| |
| − | ** Only shock haemorrhages are seen at autopsy.
| |
| − | * Acute cases present as abdominal pain, diarrhoea and vomiting.
| |
| − | ** Death occurs in 24 - 48 hours.
| |
| − | ** At autosy, may see:
| |
| − | *** Shock haemorrhages.
| |
| − | *** Gut congestion.
| |
| − | *** Fluid accumulations in body cavities.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Subacute / chronic====
| |
| − | | |
| − | * These cases show nervous signs.
| |
| − | ** Convulsions
| |
| − | ** Blindness
| |
| − | ** Ataxia
| |
| − | * Show excessive salivation.
| |
| − | * May be polyuric.
| |
| − | * Fluid may accumulate subcutaneouslt and in the abdomen.
| |
| − | * Macroscopic findings are inconclusive.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Diagnosis====
| |
| − | | |
| − | * For definitave diagnosis, histological examination is required.
| |
| − | * On histological examination, the following may be seen:
| |
| − | ** Perineuronal vasculation and cerebral neuronal necrosis.
| |
| − | *** '''Polio-encephalomalacia'''.
| |
| − | ** Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.
| |
| − | ** Perivascular oedema in the brain.
| |
| | | | |
| | ==Abnormal States of Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Balance== | | ==Abnormal States of Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Balance== |