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Created page with "* General oedema involves subcutaneous and tissue spaces/body cavities. * Indicative of severe upset of overall body fluid balance. ** Usually one or more vital organ system is ..."
* General oedema involves subcutaneous and tissue spaces/body cavities.
* Indicative of severe upset of overall body fluid balance.
** Usually one or more vital organ system is abnormal.
* Requires one or more of the following conditions:
*# General increase in arteriolar hydrostatic pressure.
*# Decrease in osmotic pressure of blood.
*# Increase in tissue fluid osmotic pressure.
*#* E.g. sodium retention in renal disease.
*# Increased capillary permeability.
*#* E.g. due to hypoxic damage.
===Types of General Oedema===
====Cardiac oedema====
* Seen in heart failure.
** Shows that cardiac output fails to meet the demands of the tissues throughout the body.
** Left-side failure gives pulmonary congestion.
*** Leads to pulmonary oedema.
** Right-side failure gives systemic congestion.
*** Leads to generalised oedema.
* Chronic venous congestion develops when cardiac output fails to keep pace with venous return to the heart.
* Fluid balance is further complicated by secondary renal impairment.
** Sodium is retained, triggering the renin-aldosterone loop with further sodium retention.
====Renal oedema====
* Kidney malfunction induces oedema as a consequence of deranged sodium and water handling.
** There is often secondary cardiac involvement.
*** Due to via renin effect on heart and myocardial depressant factor.
* Causes:
*# '''Acute glomerulonephritis'''
*#* Reduction in glomerular filtration rate results in systemic hypertension and retention of excess sodium and water.
*# '''Nephrotic syndrome'''
*#* A glomerular filtration defect gives selective heavy loss of plasma proteins (especially albumin)
*#** Reduction of plasma osmotic potential results in oedema.
*# '''Acute renal tubular necrosis'''
*#* Tubules can no longer selectively reabsorb sodium and other electrolytes.
*#** Water retention with the sodium and urea produces oedema.
*# '''Fibrosing glomerulonephritis'''
*#* Causes systemic hypertension and secondary cardiac failure with oedema.
====Protein-losing enteropathies====
* Mucosal damage leads to loss of ability to absorb and retain proteins.
** Plasma proteins, especially albumin are lost.
*** Circulating plasma proteins area therefore reduced, leading to oedema.
* E.g.
** Johne's disease in cattle and sheep.
** Ulcerative colitis or regional enteritis in dogs.
* For more on protein-losing enteropathies, see [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|Protein-Losing Diseases]].
====Hepatic oedema====
* Associated with severe [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] damage.
** Liver damage may be:
*** '''Actue'''
**** E.g. due to acute fascioliasis or canine viral hepatitis.
**** Lymphatics and blood vessels of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal caivity]] are damaged.
***** Results in "overflow" of fluid into the [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]].
**** Additionally, hepatocyte damage may result in inadequate inactivation of aldosterone.
***** Increases sodium retention giving further water accumulation in the abdomen
*** '''Chronic'''
**** E.g. metastatic neoplasia or fibrosing hepatopathy (cirrhosis).
**** Failure to produce plasma proteins leads to osmotic imbalance in the peripheral circulation.
**** This is seen as subcutaneous oedema.
***** E.g. "bottle jaw".
[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]
* Indicative of severe upset of overall body fluid balance.
** Usually one or more vital organ system is abnormal.
* Requires one or more of the following conditions:
*# General increase in arteriolar hydrostatic pressure.
*# Decrease in osmotic pressure of blood.
*# Increase in tissue fluid osmotic pressure.
*#* E.g. sodium retention in renal disease.
*# Increased capillary permeability.
*#* E.g. due to hypoxic damage.
===Types of General Oedema===
====Cardiac oedema====
* Seen in heart failure.
** Shows that cardiac output fails to meet the demands of the tissues throughout the body.
** Left-side failure gives pulmonary congestion.
*** Leads to pulmonary oedema.
** Right-side failure gives systemic congestion.
*** Leads to generalised oedema.
* Chronic venous congestion develops when cardiac output fails to keep pace with venous return to the heart.
* Fluid balance is further complicated by secondary renal impairment.
** Sodium is retained, triggering the renin-aldosterone loop with further sodium retention.
====Renal oedema====
* Kidney malfunction induces oedema as a consequence of deranged sodium and water handling.
** There is often secondary cardiac involvement.
*** Due to via renin effect on heart and myocardial depressant factor.
* Causes:
*# '''Acute glomerulonephritis'''
*#* Reduction in glomerular filtration rate results in systemic hypertension and retention of excess sodium and water.
*# '''Nephrotic syndrome'''
*#* A glomerular filtration defect gives selective heavy loss of plasma proteins (especially albumin)
*#** Reduction of plasma osmotic potential results in oedema.
*# '''Acute renal tubular necrosis'''
*#* Tubules can no longer selectively reabsorb sodium and other electrolytes.
*#** Water retention with the sodium and urea produces oedema.
*# '''Fibrosing glomerulonephritis'''
*#* Causes systemic hypertension and secondary cardiac failure with oedema.
====Protein-losing enteropathies====
* Mucosal damage leads to loss of ability to absorb and retain proteins.
** Plasma proteins, especially albumin are lost.
*** Circulating plasma proteins area therefore reduced, leading to oedema.
* E.g.
** Johne's disease in cattle and sheep.
** Ulcerative colitis or regional enteritis in dogs.
* For more on protein-losing enteropathies, see [[Protein Losing Enteropathy|Protein-Losing Diseases]].
====Hepatic oedema====
* Associated with severe [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] damage.
** Liver damage may be:
*** '''Actue'''
**** E.g. due to acute fascioliasis or canine viral hepatitis.
**** Lymphatics and blood vessels of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal caivity]] are damaged.
***** Results in "overflow" of fluid into the [[Peritoneal Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]].
**** Additionally, hepatocyte damage may result in inadequate inactivation of aldosterone.
***** Increases sodium retention giving further water accumulation in the abdomen
*** '''Chronic'''
**** E.g. metastatic neoplasia or fibrosing hepatopathy (cirrhosis).
**** Failure to produce plasma proteins leads to osmotic imbalance in the peripheral circulation.
**** This is seen as subcutaneous oedema.
***** E.g. "bottle jaw".
[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]