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Created page with "* Local oedema is the local accumulation of excess interstitial fluid. * Caused by disturbance of the balance betwen fluid extravasation and resorption at the level of the capil..."
* Local oedema is the local accumulation of excess interstitial fluid.
* Caused by disturbance of the balance betwen fluid extravasation and resorption at the level of the capillaries.
** '''Outwards Forces''' - arteriolar
*** Vasuclar hydrostatic pressure - 35 mmHg
*** Interstitial osmotic pressure - 3 mmHg
** '''Inwards forces''' - venular
*** Plasma protein osmotic pressure - 25 mmHg
*** Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - 4 mmHg
* May be of inflammatory or non-inflammatory origin.
===Types of Local Oedema===
====Inflammatory oedema====
* Generated by one or more of the following:
*# Increased vascular permeability
*# Increased arteriolar blood pressure
*# Breakdown of tissue protein or transfer of plasma proteins into ECF.
*#* Results in raised osmotic pressure of tissue fluid.
*# Obstruction to lymphatic drainage.
*#* Usually by fibrin.
====Lymphatic oedema====
* Results in accumulation of high protein fluid.
* May provoke a [[Granulation Tissue|granulation]] or fibrous tissue response.
* Due to:
*# '''Lymphangitis/ lymphadenitis '''
*#* [[:Category:Acute Inflammation|Acute inflammation]] of lymphatics/ lymph nodes. R
*#* Caused by stasis in lymphatics and/or bacterial infection.
*#* E.g. “Monday Morning leg” in horses.
*# '''Chronic inflammation''' caused by persistent or granuloma-producing bacterial infection.
*#* E.g. [[Johne's Disease|Johne's disease]], [[:Category:Actinobacillus species|actinobacillosis]].
*# '''Tumour spread'''.
*#* [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasia|Metastasis]] of tumour cell plugs lymphatics and nodes
*#* e.g. mammary carcinoma.
*# '''Parasitic migration'''
*#* Larvae may be following their normal pathway (e.g. Schistosomiasis), or may be aberrant.
====Local venous obstruction====
* Obstruction to venous drainage may be mechanical or inflammatory-mediated.
** Causes raised hydrostatic pressure.
** Endothelial permeability increases due to hypoxia.
** There may be inflammatory damage.
* '''Mechanical obstruction''', e.g.
** [[Torsion, Intestinal|Torsions of bowel]]
** Misplaced organs.
** Pressure from outside vein from adjacent structures.
*** [[Neoplasia - Pathology|Tumours]].
* '''Venous inflammation (phlebitis)'''
** May be associated with [[Thrombosis#Introduction|thrombosis]] (thrombophlebitis).
===="Allergic" oedema====
* Results from immediate (Type I ) or delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivity.
* Vasular permeability is increased due to release of histamine and vaso-dilating substances.
* E.g.
** Insect stings (immmediate).
** Vaccination (delayed).
** Food reaction (delayed).
====[[Pulmonary Oedema|Pulmonary oedema]]====
[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]
* Caused by disturbance of the balance betwen fluid extravasation and resorption at the level of the capillaries.
** '''Outwards Forces''' - arteriolar
*** Vasuclar hydrostatic pressure - 35 mmHg
*** Interstitial osmotic pressure - 3 mmHg
** '''Inwards forces''' - venular
*** Plasma protein osmotic pressure - 25 mmHg
*** Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - 4 mmHg
* May be of inflammatory or non-inflammatory origin.
===Types of Local Oedema===
====Inflammatory oedema====
* Generated by one or more of the following:
*# Increased vascular permeability
*# Increased arteriolar blood pressure
*# Breakdown of tissue protein or transfer of plasma proteins into ECF.
*#* Results in raised osmotic pressure of tissue fluid.
*# Obstruction to lymphatic drainage.
*#* Usually by fibrin.
====Lymphatic oedema====
* Results in accumulation of high protein fluid.
* May provoke a [[Granulation Tissue|granulation]] or fibrous tissue response.
* Due to:
*# '''Lymphangitis/ lymphadenitis '''
*#* [[:Category:Acute Inflammation|Acute inflammation]] of lymphatics/ lymph nodes. R
*#* Caused by stasis in lymphatics and/or bacterial infection.
*#* E.g. “Monday Morning leg” in horses.
*# '''Chronic inflammation''' caused by persistent or granuloma-producing bacterial infection.
*#* E.g. [[Johne's Disease|Johne's disease]], [[:Category:Actinobacillus species|actinobacillosis]].
*# '''Tumour spread'''.
*#* [[Neoplasia - Pathology#Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasia|Metastasis]] of tumour cell plugs lymphatics and nodes
*#* e.g. mammary carcinoma.
*# '''Parasitic migration'''
*#* Larvae may be following their normal pathway (e.g. Schistosomiasis), or may be aberrant.
====Local venous obstruction====
* Obstruction to venous drainage may be mechanical or inflammatory-mediated.
** Causes raised hydrostatic pressure.
** Endothelial permeability increases due to hypoxia.
** There may be inflammatory damage.
* '''Mechanical obstruction''', e.g.
** [[Torsion, Intestinal|Torsions of bowel]]
** Misplaced organs.
** Pressure from outside vein from adjacent structures.
*** [[Neoplasia - Pathology|Tumours]].
* '''Venous inflammation (phlebitis)'''
** May be associated with [[Thrombosis#Introduction|thrombosis]] (thrombophlebitis).
===="Allergic" oedema====
* Results from immediate (Type I ) or delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivity.
* Vasular permeability is increased due to release of histamine and vaso-dilating substances.
* E.g.
** Insect stings (immmediate).
** Vaccination (delayed).
** Food reaction (delayed).
====[[Pulmonary Oedema|Pulmonary oedema]]====
[[Category:Circulatory Disorders - Pathology]]