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==Introduction==
Hyalisation of muscle fibrils of skeletal, intercostal, diaphragmatic and cardiac muscles. Histologically there is '''[[Zenker Degeneration - Pathology|Zenker degeneration]]''' and occasionally also '''[[Myocardial Mineralisation|dystrophic calcification]]'''.
Hyalisation of muscle fibrils of skeletal, intercostal, diaphragmatic and cardiac muscles. Histologically there is '''[[Zenker Degeneration - Pathology|Zenker degeneration]]''' and occasionally also '''[[Myocardial Mineralisation|dystrophic calcification]]'''.
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Also associated with a diet over-rich in unsaturated fatty acids seen in pigs (Vitamin E/Selenium unavailable as used up by the unsaturated fats).
Also associated with a diet over-rich in unsaturated fatty acids seen in pigs (Vitamin E/Selenium unavailable as used up by the unsaturated fats).
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+* The term "hyaline degeneration" is applied to several types of degeneration or infiltration.
+** "Hyaline" is a descriptive term meaning "glassy".
+*** Used in pathology when structureless material appears in section, and stains red with eosin
+**** Describes a variety of conditions in which structureless materials are present.
+* Is applied to both extra- and intra-cellular degenerations/ infiltrations. ** '''Extracellular'''
+*** Protein hyaline casts in the renal tubules.
+**** From excessive protein passing through glomerulus.
+**** When fresh urine is examined under the microscope, casts may be seen as elongated glassy tubes.
+*** Hyaline membranes
+**** Proteinaceous effusions into pulmonary alveoli
+**** Prevent gaseous exchange. ** '''Intracellular'''
+*** Hyaline degeneration of skeletal muscle.
+**** In vitamin E/ selenium deficiency.
+* There are two forms of hyaline degeneration that deserve their own mention.
+** Fibrinoid degeneration.
+** Amyloid infiltration.
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+===Fibrinoid Degeneration===
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+* Fibrinoid degeneration features a material which is fibrin-like.
+* Is essentially a focal death of cells in the walls of small blood vessels (usually arterioles).
+** Parts of the vessel wall become replaced by a granular material.
+*** Pinkish-red (i.e. eosin-staining).
+*** Has some of the appearance and staining properties of fibrin.
+*** Consists partly of degenerated muscle and elastic fibres, and partly of an increased amount of protein ground substance around the degenerated fibres.
+*** Looks like a red smudge in the vessel wall when viewed histologically.
+* The presence of the fibrin-like material may suggest
+** A local hypersensitivity reaction
+** Hypertension
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+===Amyloidosis===
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+* Also known as amyloid infiltration
+* Deposition of a proteinaceous hyaline substance in extracellular sites.
+** Sites of deposition vary with species.
+* The kidney is a common site of deposition.
+** Amyloid is deposited under the capillary endothelium and progressively increases in volume.
+* There are various categories of amyloid.
+** Is essentially an abnormal protein produced in the body
+** In most cases, it is produced in response to sustained antigenic stimulation caused by a chronic suppurative process.
+*** E.g. a foot abscess, mastitis.
+* Amyloid is a relatively inert substance.
+** When it accumulates, it is not easily removed.
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==Test yourself with the Mycocardial Pathology Flashcards==
==Test yourself with the Mycocardial Pathology Flashcards==
[[Myocardial_Pathology_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Myocardial Pathology Flashcards]]
[[Myocardial_Pathology_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Myocardial Pathology Flashcards]]
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+[[Category:Degenerations and Infiltrations]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Metabolic_Pathology]][[Category:Myocardial_Pathology]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Metabolic_Pathology]][[Category:Myocardial_Pathology]]