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| | [[Pneumonia Overview]] | | [[Pneumonia Overview]] |
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| − | ==Pneumonia - Introduction and Classification==
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| − | [[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia - gross.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Acute necrotising pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Pneumonia
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| − | **Inflammation that takes place in the '''alveoli and their walls'''
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| − | **Can be grouped either according to
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| − | ***Nature of the inflammatory process
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| − | ***Aetiological agent
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| − | ***Pattern of the lesion
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| − | *Patterns of lung inflammation vary depending on the aetiology, route and method of exposure and multiple host factors including age, general health, and immune status
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| − | **There are five general patterns of pneumonia:
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| − | ***[[Bronchopneumonia]]
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| − | ***[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]
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| − | ***[[Lobar Pneumonia]]
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| − | ***[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]
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| − | ***[[Embolic Pneumonia]]
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| − | ==='''[[Bronchopneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==='''[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==='''[[Lobar Pneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==='''[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==='''[[Embolic Pneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==='''[[Granulomatous Pneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==='''[[Verminous Pneumonia]]'''===
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| − | ==Stages of pneumonia==
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| − | *Regardless of the pattern, all pneumonias pass through three stages:
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| − | **'''Exudative phase'''
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| − | ***In this initial stage inflammatory exudate pours into alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries are congested
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| − | ***Type I alveolar epithelial cells are highly sensitive to injury and cannot proliferate in response to injury
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| − | ***Necrosis and sloughing of injured type I cells, denuding alveolar spaces of lining epithelium
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| − | ***[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] begin to enter alveolar spaces distended with inflammatory oedema
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| − | **'''Proliferative phase'''
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| − | ***Type II alveolar cells (less sensitive to and can proliferate in response to injury) begin to proliferate within 24 hours and eventually line the alveolar walls denuded of type I cells ***By 6 days cuboidal type II cells can completely line the alveoli
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| − | ***Proliferation of type II cells marks the shift from the exudative to the proliferative stage of pneumonia, also heralded by decreased blood flow in alveolar capillaries
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| − | ***Because the original squamous type I cells have been replaced by cuboidal type II cells, the microscopic appearance of pneumonic lungs at about 1 week has been described as “alveolar epithelialization”, “alveolar adenomatosis”, or “bronchiolisation of alveoli”
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| − | **'''Repair phase'''
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| − | ***Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells
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| − | ==[[Pulmonary abscesses]]==
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| − | =='''Infectious causes of pneumonia'''==
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| − | | [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
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| − | | [[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections|'''BACTERIAL''']]
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| − | | [[:Category:Respiratory Fungal Infections|'''FUNGAL''']]
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| − | | [[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections|'''PARASITIC''']]
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| − | | '''Dogs'''
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| − | | [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine distemper]]
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| − | | usually secondary
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| − | | [[Blastomycosis|''Blastomyces dermatitidis'']]
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| − | | [[Angiostrongylus vasorum|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]
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| − | | [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
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| − | | bronchopneumonia: ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]], [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococci]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]], Coliforms''
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| − | | [[Histoplasmosis|''Histoplasma capsulatum'']]
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| − | | ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
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| − | | [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Herpes virus]]
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| − | | '''Cats'''
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| − | | [[Feline Calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]]
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| − | | bronchopneumonia: ''[[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella sp.]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococcus spp.]]''
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| − | | ''[[Aelurostrongylus abstrusus]]''
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| − | | [[Chlamydiosis, Feline|Feline chlamydiosis]]
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| − | | '''Horses'''
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| − | | [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|Equine rhinopneumonitis]]
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| − | | [[Strangles|Strangles]]
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| − | | [[Pneumocystis carinii|''Pneumocystis carinii'']]
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| − | | ''[[Parascaris equorum]]''
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| − | | [[Equine Influenza|Equine influenza]]
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| − | | [[Glanders|Glanders]]
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| − | | [[Equine Viral Arteritis|Equine viral arteritis]]
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| − | | [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']]
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| − | | '''Cattle'''
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| − | | [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
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| − | | [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
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| − | | ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''
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| − | | [[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis|Pneumonic pasteurellosis]]
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| − | | [[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]
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| − | | [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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| − | | [[Acute Exudative Pneumonia|Acute exudative pneumonia]]
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| − | | [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|''Mycoplasmal'' pneumonia]]
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| − | | [[Tuberculosis - Cattle|''Mycobacterium bovis'' - tuberculosis]]
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| − | | bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella sp.'']], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
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| − | | '''Sheep'''
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| − | | [[Visna-Maedi Virus|Maedi Visna]]
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| − | | bronchopneumonia: ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
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| − | | [[Muellerius|''Muellerius capillaris'']]
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| − | | [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
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| − | | [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs|Enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]
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| − | | [[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]
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| − | | [[Melioidosis|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']]
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| − | | '''Pigs'''
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| − | | [[Porcine Cytomegalovirus|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
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| − | | [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
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| − | | [[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]
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| − | | [[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]
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| − | | [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
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| − | | [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome|Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome]]
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| − | | [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
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| − | | [[Porcine Circoviruses|Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome]]
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| − | | [[Pasteurellosis - Pigs|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
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| − | | [[Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus|Porcine respiratory coronavirus]]
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| − | | [[Contagious Porcine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
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| − | | [[Glasser's Disease|Glasser's disease]]
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| − | | [[Atrophic Rhinitis|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
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| − | | bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella'' spp.]], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'', also [[:Category:Streptococcus species |''Streptococcus'' spp.]], [[Tuberculosis - Pigs|Tuberculosis]]
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| − | =='''Other forms of pneumonia'''==
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| − | ===[[Aspiration Pneumonia]]===
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| − | ===[[Gangrenous Pneumonia]]===
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| − | ===[[Lipid Pneumonia]]===
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| − | ===[[Uraemic Pneumonia]]===
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| − | ===[[Foetal Pneumonia]]===
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| − | =Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards=
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| − | [[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
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