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Created page with "==Pneumonia - Introduction and Classification== [[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biom..."
==Pneumonia - Introduction and Classification==
[[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia - gross.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Acute necrotising pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
*Pneumonia
**Inflammation that takes place in the '''alveoli and their walls'''
**Can be grouped either according to
***Nature of the inflammatory process
***Aetiological agent
***Pattern of the lesion
*Patterns of lung inflammation vary depending on the aetiology, route and method of exposure and multiple host factors including age, general health, and immune status
**There are five general patterns of pneumonia:
***[[Bronchopneumonia]]
***[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]
***[[Lobar Pneumonia]]
***[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]
***[[Embolic Pneumonia]]
==='''[[Bronchopneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Lobar Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Embolic Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Granulomatous Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Verminous Pneumonia]]'''===
==Stages of pneumonia==
*Regardless of the pattern, all pneumonias pass through three stages:
**'''Exudative phase'''
***In this initial stage inflammatory exudate pours into alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries are congested
***Type I alveolar epithelial cells are highly sensitive to injury and cannot proliferate in response to injury
***Necrosis and sloughing of injured type I cells, denuding alveolar spaces of lining epithelium
***[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] begin to enter alveolar spaces distended with inflammatory oedema
**'''Proliferative phase'''
***Type II alveolar cells (less sensitive to and can proliferate in response to injury) begin to proliferate within 24 hours and eventually line the alveolar walls denuded of type I cells ***By 6 days cuboidal type II cells can completely line the alveoli
***Proliferation of type II cells marks the shift from the exudative to the proliferative stage of pneumonia, also heralded by decreased blood flow in alveolar capillaries
***Because the original squamous type I cells have been replaced by cuboidal type II cells, the microscopic appearance of pneumonic lungs at about 1 week has been described as “alveolar epithelialization”, “alveolar adenomatosis”, or “bronchiolisation of alveoli”
**'''Repair phase'''
***Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells
==[[Pulmonary abscesses]]==
=='''Infectious causes of pneumonia'''==
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| .
| [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
| [[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections|'''BACTERIAL''']]
| [[:Category:Respiratory Fungal Infections|'''FUNGAL''']]
| [[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections|'''PARASITIC''']]
|-
| '''Dogs'''
| [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine distemper]]
| usually secondary
| [[Blastomycosis|''Blastomyces dermatitidis'']]
| [[Angiostrongylus vasorum|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]
|-
| .
| [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]], [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococci]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]], Coliforms''
| [[Histoplasmosis|''Histoplasma capsulatum'']]
| ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
|-
| .
| [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Herpes virus]]
| .
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cats'''
| [[Feline Calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]]
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella sp.]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococcus spp.]]''
| .
| ''[[Aelurostrongylus abstrusus]]''
|-
| .
| .
| [[Chlamydiosis, Feline|Feline chlamydiosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Horses'''
| [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|Equine rhinopneumonitis]]
| [[Strangles|Strangles]]
| [[Pneumocystis carinii|''Pneumocystis carinii'']]
| ''[[Parascaris equorum]]''
|-
| .
| [[Equine Influenza|Equine influenza]]
| [[Glanders|Glanders]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Equine Viral Arteritis|Equine viral arteritis]]
| [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cattle'''
| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
| [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
| .
| ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''
|-
| .
| .
| [[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis|Pneumonic pasteurellosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Acute Exudative Pneumonia|Acute exudative pneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|''Mycoplasmal'' pneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Tuberculosis - Cattle|''Mycobacterium bovis'' - tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella sp.'']], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
| .
| .
|-
| '''Sheep'''
| [[Visna-Maedi Virus|Maedi Visna]]
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
| .
| [[Muellerius|''Muellerius capillaris'']]
|-
| .
| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs|Enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]
| [[Melioidosis|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Pigs'''
| [[Porcine Cytomegalovirus|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
| .
| [[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]
|-
| .
| [[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]
| [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome|Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome]]
| [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Porcine Circoviruses|Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome]]
| [[Pasteurellosis - Pigs|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus|Porcine respiratory coronavirus]]
| [[Contagious Porcine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Glasser's Disease|Glasser's disease]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Atrophic Rhinitis|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella'' spp.]], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'', also [[:Category:Streptococcus species |''Streptococcus'' spp.]], [[Tuberculosis - Pigs|Tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
|}
=='''Other forms of pneumonia'''==
===[[Aspiration Pneumonia]]===
===[[Gangrenous Pneumonia]]===
===[[Lipid Pneumonia]]===
===[[Uraemic Pneumonia]]===
===[[Foetal Pneumonia]]===
==Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards==
[[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
[[Category:Pneumonia|A]]
[[Image:Acute fibrinous pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute fibrinous pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Acute exudative pneumonia - gross.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute exudative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
[[Image:Acute necrotising pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|150px|<small><center>Acute necrotising pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
*Pneumonia
**Inflammation that takes place in the '''alveoli and their walls'''
**Can be grouped either according to
***Nature of the inflammatory process
***Aetiological agent
***Pattern of the lesion
*Patterns of lung inflammation vary depending on the aetiology, route and method of exposure and multiple host factors including age, general health, and immune status
**There are five general patterns of pneumonia:
***[[Bronchopneumonia]]
***[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]
***[[Lobar Pneumonia]]
***[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]
***[[Embolic Pneumonia]]
==='''[[Bronchopneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Lobar Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Interstitial Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Embolic Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Granulomatous Pneumonia]]'''===
==='''[[Verminous Pneumonia]]'''===
==Stages of pneumonia==
*Regardless of the pattern, all pneumonias pass through three stages:
**'''Exudative phase'''
***In this initial stage inflammatory exudate pours into alveolar spaces and alveolar capillaries are congested
***Type I alveolar epithelial cells are highly sensitive to injury and cannot proliferate in response to injury
***Necrosis and sloughing of injured type I cells, denuding alveolar spaces of lining epithelium
***[[Neutrophils|Neutrophils]] begin to enter alveolar spaces distended with inflammatory oedema
**'''Proliferative phase'''
***Type II alveolar cells (less sensitive to and can proliferate in response to injury) begin to proliferate within 24 hours and eventually line the alveolar walls denuded of type I cells ***By 6 days cuboidal type II cells can completely line the alveoli
***Proliferation of type II cells marks the shift from the exudative to the proliferative stage of pneumonia, also heralded by decreased blood flow in alveolar capillaries
***Because the original squamous type I cells have been replaced by cuboidal type II cells, the microscopic appearance of pneumonic lungs at about 1 week has been described as “alveolar epithelialization”, “alveolar adenomatosis”, or “bronchiolisation of alveoli”
**'''Repair phase'''
***Resolution of pneumonia is accomplished by transformation of type II cells to type I cells
==[[Pulmonary abscesses]]==
=='''Infectious causes of pneumonia'''==
{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| .
| [[:Category:Respiratory Viral Infections|'''VIRAL''']]
| [[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections|'''BACTERIAL''']]
| [[:Category:Respiratory Fungal Infections|'''FUNGAL''']]
| [[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections|'''PARASITIC''']]
|-
| '''Dogs'''
| [[Canine Distemper Virus|Canine distemper]]
| usually secondary
| [[Blastomycosis|''Blastomyces dermatitidis'']]
| [[Angiostrongylus vasorum|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]
|-
| .
| [[Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]], [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|Staphylococci]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococci]], Coliforms''
| [[Histoplasmosis|''Histoplasma capsulatum'']]
| ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''
|-
| .
| [[Canine Herpesvirus 1|Herpes virus]]
| .
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cats'''
| [[Feline Calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]]
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|Pasteurella sp.]], [[:Category:Streptococcus species|Streptococcus spp.]]''
| .
| ''[[Aelurostrongylus abstrusus]]''
|-
| .
| .
| [[Chlamydiosis, Feline|Feline chlamydiosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Horses'''
| [[Equine Rhinopneumonitis|Equine rhinopneumonitis]]
| [[Strangles|Strangles]]
| [[Pneumocystis carinii|''Pneumocystis carinii'']]
| ''[[Parascaris equorum]]''
|-
| .
| [[Equine Influenza|Equine influenza]]
| [[Glanders|Glanders]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Equine Viral Arteritis|Equine viral arteritis]]
| [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Cattle'''
| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
| [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
| .
| ''[[Dictyocaulus viviparus]]''
|-
| .
| .
| [[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis|Pneumonic pasteurellosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Acute Exudative Pneumonia|Acute exudative pneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves|''Mycoplasmal'' pneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Tuberculosis - Cattle|''Mycobacterium bovis'' - tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella sp.'']], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
| .
| .
|-
| '''Sheep'''
| [[Visna-Maedi Virus|Maedi Visna]]
| bronchopneumonia: ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''
| .
| [[Muellerius|''Muellerius capillaris'']]
|-
| .
| [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3]]
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs|Enzootic pneumonia of lambs]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis]]
| [[Melioidosis|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']]
| .
| .
|-
| '''Pigs'''
| [[Porcine Cytomegalovirus|Inclusion body rhinitis]]
| [[Enzootic Pneumonia - Pigs|Enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
| .
| [[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]
|-
| .
| [[Swine Influenza|Swine influenza]]
| [[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome|Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome]]
| [[Necrotic Laryngitis]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Porcine Circoviruses|Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome]]
| [[Pasteurellosis - Pigs|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| [[Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus|Porcine respiratory coronavirus]]
| [[Contagious Porcine Pleuropneumonia|Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Glasser's Disease|Glasser's disease]]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| [[Atrophic Rhinitis|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
| .
| .
|-
| .
| .
| bronchopneumonia: [[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|''Pasteurella'' spp.]], ''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'', also [[:Category:Streptococcus species |''Streptococcus'' spp.]], [[Tuberculosis - Pigs|Tuberculosis]]
| .
| .
|-
|}
=='''Other forms of pneumonia'''==
===[[Aspiration Pneumonia]]===
===[[Gangrenous Pneumonia]]===
===[[Lipid Pneumonia]]===
===[[Uraemic Pneumonia]]===
===[[Foetal Pneumonia]]===
==Test yourself with the Lungs Pathology Flashcards==
[[Lungs_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Lungs Pathology Flashcards]]
[[Category:Pneumonia|A]]