Changes

== Pathogenesis  ==

== Pathogenesis  ==

The mite is active in the keratin layer of the skin and has abrasive mouthparts. It feeds on exudate of lymph, skin cells and bacteria caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to antigenic mite faeces, by the host. This causes '''intense pruritus''', leading to self trauma, crust and scale formation and inflammation.  

The mite is active in the keratin layer of the skin and has abrasive mouthparts. It feeds on exudate of lymph, skin cells and bacteria caused by a [[Hypersensitivity - Introduction|hypersensitivity reaction]] to antigenic mite faeces by the host. This causes '''intense pruritus''', leading to self trauma, crust and scale formation and inflammation.  

It is not only economically important to the sheep industry due to poor fleece quality and weight loss, but it can also pre-dispose to life-threatening condition such as Blowfly strike, as the blowflies find the damaged skin ideal for egg laying.  

It is not only economically important to the sheep industry due to poor fleece quality and weight loss, but it can also pre-dispose to life-threatening condition such as [[Blowfly Strike|Blowfly strike]], as the [[Calliphoridae|blowflies]] find the damaged skin ideal for egg laying.  

The disease is most prevalent in autumn and winter months, however does still occur in the summer, especially in sheep that have not been shorn.  

The disease is most prevalent in autumn and winter months, however does still occur in the summer, especially in sheep that have not been shorn.  

Psoroptic mange in sheep '''used to be a notifiable ''''''disease '''in the UK, but has been de-regulated since 1992  

Psoroptic mange in sheep '''used to be a notifiable ''''''disease '''in the UK, but has been de-regulated since 1992.

== Clinical signs  ==

== Clinical signs  ==

'''Severe pruritus and '''evidence of '''self-trauma '''(loss, damage or staining of wool) are the main signs to notice from within the herd. Once a closer inspection is made, inflammation and an exudate will be present on the skin and areas of yellow crust will also be present. In on-going cases,'''weight loss''' in adults, or redueced weight gain in growing animals, will be seen due to the irritation causing them to have a reduced feed intake. In some cases, secondary '''blowfly strike '''may by the first sign, when the sore traumatised skin has become a perfect breeding ground for the blowfly.

'''Severe pruritus and '''evidence of '''self-trauma '''(loss, damage or staining of wool) are the main signs to notice from within the herd. Once a closer inspection is made, inflammation and an exudate will be noticed on the skin and areas of yellow crust will also be present. In on-going cases,'''weight loss''' in adults, or reduced weight gain in growing animals, will be seen due to the irritation causing them to have a reduced feed intake. In some cases, secondary '''blowfly strike '''may by the first sign noticed, when the sore traumatised skin has become a perfect breeding ground for the blowfly.

== Diagnosis  ==

== Diagnosis  ==

History and clinical signs often enough to make presumptive diagnosis. Skin scraping to microscopically identify mites (low magnification) should be peformed. Mites are found under scabs and in skin folds  

History and clinical signs are often enough to make presumptive diagnosis. Skin scraping to microscopically identify mites (low magnification) should be performed. Mites are found under scabs and in skin folds.

== Treatment/ Control  ==

== Treatment/ Control  ==

Infestations are difficult to eliminate from a flock so a key factor in control is to not allow it to enter- new stock should be isolated for at least three weeks before mixing with the main flock.  

Infestations are difficult to eliminate from a flock so a key factor in control is to not allow it to enter - new stock should be isolated for at least three weeks before mixing with the main flock.  

*'''Plunge dipping is curative and preventative'''

*'''Plunge dipping is curative and preventative'''

The dip must contain the '''Organophosphate, diazinon '''or the '''Synthetic Pyrethroid, cis-cypermethrin. '''The sheep must be dipped for''' ''''''at least one minute '''and the head should be fully submerged twice during this time. The sheep must be kept moving when in the dip as the movement displaces air from in the fleece allowing better penetration

The dip must contain the '''Organophosphate, diazinon '''or the '''Synthetic Pyrethroid, cis-cypermethrin. '''The sheep must be dipped for '''at least one minute '''and the head should be fully submerged twice during this time. The sheep must be kept moving when in the dip as the movement displaces air from the fleece allowing better penetration

Psoroptes can be treated with avermectins or milbemycins by injection, but only moxidectin has any prophylactic effect;&nbsp;need two&nbsp;injections 7 days apart or one single dose (doramectin only).&nbsp;<br>

''Psoroptes'' can be treated with avermectins or milbemycins by injection, but only moxidectin has any prophylactic effect. Two injections 7 days apart or one single dose (doramectin only) are needed. <br>

== Other species<br> ==

== Other species<br> ==

'''Cattle'''  

'''Cattle'''

Uncommon in the UK.  

Psoroptic mange is uncommon in cattle in the UK. When present, it affects mainly the withers and can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides.  

Rabbits become infected by ''[[Psoroptes cuniculi]]'' causing [[Mites – Rabbit#Psoroptiasis|'Ear canker']]. The external auditory canal infection is often asymptomatic, but may cause scratching and head shaking behaviour. It can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides. For more information see the [[Mites – Rabbit#Psoroptiasis|rabbit section]].

 

 

'''Rabbits''' [[Mites – Rabbit#Psoroptiasis|'Ear canker mite']] in rabbits caused by ''[[Psoroptes cuniculi]]''

 

Externam auditory canal infection is often asymptomatic, but may cause scratching and head shaking behaviour  

 

Can be treated with avermectin, milbemycins or topical acaracides  

 

 

== References  ==

== References  ==

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L, Wall, R.L, (2007) Veterinary Parasitology third edition, Blackwell Publishing  

Taylor, M.A, Coop, R.L, Wall, R.L, (2007) Veterinary Parasitology third edition, Blackwell Publishing  

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Integumentary_System_-_Mite_Infections]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Integumentary_System_-_Mite_Infections]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Dermatological Diseases - Horse]]