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| − | ==Tetany== | + | ==[[Tetany]]== |
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| | * Tetany is variable intermittent muscle contraction. | | * Tetany is variable intermittent muscle contraction. |
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| | ** Arabian horses | | ** Arabian horses |
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| − | ==Myoclonus==
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| − | * Myoclonus is sudden contraction of muscle followed by relaxation.
| + | [[Category:Tremors and Movement Disorders]] |
| − | * There are several different types of myoclonus.
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| − | ** Sporadic
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| − | ** Repetitive
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| − | ** Constant
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| − | ** Action related
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| − | *** Congenital
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| − | *** Acquired
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| − | ** Postural
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| − | ** Episodic
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| − | ** Resting
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| − | ===Sporadic Myoclonus===
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| − | * Sporadic myoclonus occurs as a reflex response.
| + | ==[[Myoclonus]]== |
| − | ** A sudden response to an auditory stimulus.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Repetitive Myoclonus=== | |
| − | | |
| − | * In repetitive myoclonus, contractions and relaxations are rhythmic.
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| − | ** They occur one to two seconds apart.
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| − | ** May occur when the animal is at rest or during movement.
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| − | * Repetitive myoclonus may be due to a functional disturbance of lower motor neurons.
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| − | ** This may be caused, for example, by distemper or another encephalomyelitis.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Action-Related Myoclonus===
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| − | | |
| − | * Tremors are induced by movement.
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| − | ** Myoclonus disappears when the patient is relaxed or sleeping.
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| − | * May be caused by:
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| − | ** Cerebellar conditions
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| − | ** Myelin defects
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| − | ** Toxic insult
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| − | ** Problems with neurons
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| − | ====Congenital====
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| − | | |
| − | * Results from:
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| − | ** Hypo- or dys-myelination
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| − | ** Storage diseases
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| − | * Samoyeds, springer spaniels and dalmations are predisposed.
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| − | | |
| − | ====Acquired====
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| − | | |
| − | * Maltese terrtiers and West Highland white terriers are predisposed.
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| − | ** Gives rise to the name "white shakers" for the sufferers.
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| − | * Caused by meningoencephalitis.
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| − | ** Toxicosis is a common cause of meningoencephalitis, for example:
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| − | *** Metaldehyde
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| − | *** Pyrethrins
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| − | *** Hexachlorophene
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| − | *** Organophosphate
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| − | *** Food born mycotoxins
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| − | *** Macadamia nuts
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| − | * Takes the form of postural repetitive myoclonus.
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| − | ** Postural muscles are affected while they are supporting weight.
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| − | * The young and old are differentially affected.
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| − | ** Young animals
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| − | *** The head and neck are affected.
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| − | **** Gives head bobbing, which stops when the animal is distracted.
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| − | *** Most common in Dobermans, English Bulldogs and Boxers.
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| − | ** Aged dogs
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| − | *** Pelvic limbs are affected, although only when standing.
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| − | **** Orthostatic tremors
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| − | *** Whole muscles are affected.
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| − | *** Most common in Great Danes.
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| − | * Aquired action-related myoclonus is responsive to steroid or immunosuppressive drugs.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Other Conditions Giving Myoclonus===
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| − | | |
| − | * Scottie cramp
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| − | * Cavalier King Charles Spaniel hypertonicity
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| − | * Norwich terriers have a predisposition.
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