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Neuro Exam of The Horse - Pathology (view source)
Revision as of 15:52, 9 March 2011
, 15:52, 9 March 2011no edit summary
[[Neurological Examination of Horses Overview]]
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
*** Ascending or descending proprioceptive pathways
*** Ascending or descending proprioceptive pathways
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse]]
[[Neurological Examination Initial Observation - Horse|A]]
==Signalment and History==
==Signalment and History==
*** Metabolic problems, such as hepatic encephalopathy.
*** Metabolic problems, such as hepatic encephalopathy.
==Cranial Nerve Examination==
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|B]]
==[[Cranial Nerve Examination - Horse]]==
* The cranial nerves are numbered 1-12 from the most rostral to the most caudal.
* The cranial nerves are numbered 1-12 from the most rostral to the most caudal.
** Abnormalities are rarely detected in this nerve.
** Abnormalities are rarely detected in this nerve.
===Eyes===
===[[Neurological Eye Examination - Horse]]===
====Menace Response====
====Menace Response====
* '''The menace response therefore assesses both visual pathways and the facial nerve.'''
* '''The menace response therefore assesses both visual pathways and the facial nerve.'''
====Pupillary responses====
====Pupillary Responses====
* Pupil diameter is controlled by:
* Pupil diameter is controlled by:
* Lesions occuring post- cranial cervical ganglion result in sweating of the face and the area of skin at the base of the ear down to about C1.
* Lesions occuring post- cranial cervical ganglion result in sweating of the face and the area of skin at the base of the ear down to about C1.
** For example, lesions in guttural pouch disease.
** For example, lesions in guttural pouch disease.
====Vision====
====Vision====
*** However, in this scenario eye movements to and away from the apparent direction of strabismus are still possible.
*** However, in this scenario eye movements to and away from the apparent direction of strabismus are still possible.
===Sensation to the Face===
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|C]]
===[[Face Sensation]]===
* Nerve fibres giving sensation to the face are carried in cranial nerve V - the trigeminal nerve.
* Nerve fibres giving sensation to the face are carried in cranial nerve V - the trigeminal nerve.
* The reflex is elicited by lightly touching the eyelids and watching for reflex closure.
* The reflex is elicited by lightly touching the eyelids and watching for reflex closure.
===The Vestibular System===
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|D]]
===[[Vestibular System Examination]]===
====The Vestibulocochlear Nerve====
====The Vestibulocochlear Nerve====
** This is probably due in part to involvement of ascending proprioceptive and descending motor pathways that run through the brainstem.
** This is probably due in part to involvement of ascending proprioceptive and descending motor pathways that run through the brainstem.
===Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Function===
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|E]]
===[[Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Function]]===
* The pharynx and larynx are innervated by:
* The pharynx and larynx are innervated by:
*** Endoscopy of the guttural pouches should be therefore be performed in horses that are dysphagic.
*** Endoscopy of the guttural pouches should be therefore be performed in horses that are dysphagic.
===Movement of the Tongue===
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|F]]
===[[Tongue Movement]] ===
* The hypoglossal nerve, CN XII provides motor innervation to the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]].
* The hypoglossal nerve, CN XII provides motor innervation to the [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]].
** However, [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] atrophy is not present in these animals.
** However, [[Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]] atrophy is not present in these animals.
===Testing Conscious Proprioception===
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|G]]
==[[Body, Spinal Cord and Limb Neurological Examination - Horse]]==
===Conscious Proprioception Testing ===
* It is possible to test a horse’s conscious proprioception by altering the position of the limbs in space.
* It is possible to test a horse’s conscious proprioception by altering the position of the limbs in space.
**** Pulling the tail while stationary probably primarily tests lower motor neuron control and muscular strength of the pelvic limb.
**** Pulling the tail while stationary probably primarily tests lower motor neuron control and muscular strength of the pelvic limb.
==Determining the Site of Spinal Lesions==
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse]]
==[[Site of Spinal Lesions Determination - Horse]]==
* If there are no brain or brainstem signs, an animal with ataxia or weakness is most likely to have a lesion in the spinal cord.
* If there are no brain or brainstem signs, an animal with ataxia or weakness is most likely to have a lesion in the spinal cord.
** In horses, problems are usually caused by defects in the lower motor neurons in the pelvic nerve.
** In horses, problems are usually caused by defects in the lower motor neurons in the pelvic nerve.
*** Faeces is retained.
*** Faeces is retained.
[[Category:Neurological Examination - Horse]]