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| == Clinical Signs == | | == Clinical Signs == |
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− | May vary depending on severity but include lethargy, cyanosis, stunted growth, exercise intolerance, syncope and [[Seizure|seizures]]. | + | May vary depending on severity but include lethargy, cyanosis, stunted growth, exercise intolerance, syncope and [[Seizures|seizures]]. |
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| == Diagnosis == | | == Diagnosis == |
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− | History and clinical examination findings, plus physical examination findings. These will often include a systolic murmur (over left heart base): due to pulmonic stenosis, a systolic murmur (over right sternal boarder): due to ventricular septal defect and a precordial thrill (palpable over both areas). <br> | + | History and clinical examination findings, plus physical examination findings. These will often include a systolic [[Heart Murmurs|murmur]] (over left heart base): due to pulmonic stenosis, a systolic murmur (over right sternal border): due to ventricular septal defect and a precordial thrill (palpable over both areas). |
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− | Radiographs of the thorax qwill show Right Ventricular Hypertrophyand pulmonary underperfusion. | + | Radiographs of the thorax will show right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary underperfusion. |
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| Echocardiographic findings will include structural abnormalities described and doppler will reveal the presence of a shunt and its abnormal blood flow. | | Echocardiographic findings will include structural abnormalities described and doppler will reveal the presence of a shunt and its abnormal blood flow. |
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− | Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings will indicate righ ventricular enlargement by the presence of deep S-waves. | + | Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings will indicate right ventricular enlargement by the presence of deep S-waves. |
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| + | == Treatment == |
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− | == Treatment<br> == | |
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| Surgical treatment options include open heart surgery for complete correction (rarely done in animals). | | Surgical treatment options include open heart surgery for complete correction (rarely done in animals). |
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− | Palliative Surgery includes anastamosis of either the ascending aorta or subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery improves pulmonary blood flow. | + | Palliative surgery includes anastamosis of either the ascending aorta or subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery improves pulmonary blood flow. |
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− | Medical options include exercise restriction,phlebotomy (bleeding): helps to reduce blood viscosity and improve oxygen delivery to the tissues by maintaining PCV below 65% and Beta-blockers: reduce shunting and protect the heart from hypertrophy. | + | Medical options include exercise restriction, phlebotomy (bleeding): helps to reduce blood viscosity and improve oxygen delivery to the tissues by maintaining PCV below 65% and beta-blockers: reduce shunting and protect the heart from hypertrophy. |
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| == Prognosis == | | == Prognosis == |
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| Guarded, but depends on the severity of defects and the level of polycythemia. | | Guarded, but depends on the severity of defects and the level of polycythemia. |
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− | Without Treatment: Animals will live only a couple of years with poor exercise tolerance, with treatment: Animals can live up to seven years. | + | Without treatment, animals will live only a couple of years with poor exercise tolerance. With treatment, animals can live up to seven years. |
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| + | == Test yourself with the Developmental Pathology Flashcards == |
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| + | [[Cardiovascular Developmental Pathology Flashcards]] |
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| == References == | | == References == |
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− | Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company<br>Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)W.B. Saunders Company<br>Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition) Mosby Elsevier <br><br> | + | Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company |
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| + | Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)W.B. Saunders Company |
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− | <br>
| + | Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition) Mosby Elsevier |
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− | == Test yourself with the Developmental Pathology Flashcards ==
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− | [[Cardiovascular Developmental Pathology Flashcards]]
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− | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Developmental_Pathology]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Horse]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Pig]]
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| + | [[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Developmental_Pathology]] [[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Horse]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Pig]] |