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== Clinical Signs ==
 
== Clinical Signs ==
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May vary depending on severity but include lethargy, cyanosis, stunted growth, exercise intolerance, syncope and [[Seizure|seizures]].  
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May vary depending on severity but include lethargy, cyanosis, stunted growth, exercise intolerance, syncope and [[Seizures|seizures]].  
    
== Diagnosis ==
 
== Diagnosis ==
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History and clinical examination findings, plus physical examination findings. These will often include a systolic murmur (over left heart base): due to pulmonic stenosis, a systolic murmur (over right sternal boarder): due to ventricular septal defect and a precordial thrill (palpable over both areas). <br>
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History and clinical examination findings, plus physical examination findings. These will often include a systolic [[Heart Murmurs|murmur]] (over left heart base): due to pulmonic stenosis, a systolic murmur (over right sternal border): due to ventricular septal defect and a precordial thrill (palpable over both areas).  
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Radiographs of the thorax qwill show Right Ventricular Hypertrophyand pulmonary underperfusion.  
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Radiographs of the thorax will show right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary underperfusion.  
    
Echocardiographic findings will include structural abnormalities described and doppler will reveal the presence of a shunt and its abnormal blood flow.
 
Echocardiographic findings will include structural abnormalities described and doppler will reveal the presence of a shunt and its abnormal blood flow.
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Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings will indicate righ ventricular enlargement by the presence of deep S-waves.
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Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings will indicate right ventricular enlargement by the presence of deep S-waves.
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<br>
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== Treatment ==
 
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== Treatment<br> ==
      
Surgical treatment options include open heart surgery for complete correction (rarely done in animals).  
 
Surgical treatment options include open heart surgery for complete correction (rarely done in animals).  
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Palliative Surgery includes anastamosis of either the ascending aorta or subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery improves pulmonary blood flow.  
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Palliative surgery includes anastamosis of either the ascending aorta or subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery improves pulmonary blood flow.  
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Medical options include exercise restriction,phlebotomy (bleeding): helps to reduce blood viscosity and improve oxygen delivery to the tissues by maintaining PCV below 65% and Beta-blockers: reduce shunting and protect the heart from hypertrophy.
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Medical options include exercise restriction, phlebotomy (bleeding): helps to reduce blood viscosity and improve oxygen delivery to the tissues by maintaining PCV below 65% and beta-blockers: reduce shunting and protect the heart from hypertrophy.
 
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<br>
      
== Prognosis ==
 
== Prognosis ==
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Guarded, but depends on the severity of defects and the level of polycythemia.
 
Guarded, but depends on the severity of defects and the level of polycythemia.
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Without Treatment: Animals will live only a couple of years with poor exercise tolerance, with treatment: Animals can live up to seven years.
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Without treatment, animals will live only a couple of years with poor exercise tolerance. With treatment, animals can live up to seven years.
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<br>
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== Test yourself with the Developmental Pathology Flashcards ==
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[[Cardiovascular Developmental Pathology Flashcards]]
    
== References ==
 
== References ==
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Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company<br>Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)W.B. Saunders Company<br>Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition) Mosby Elsevier <br><br>
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Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company
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<br>
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Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)W.B. Saunders Company
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<br>
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Fossum, T. W. et. al. (2007) Small Animal Surgery (Third Edition) Mosby Elsevier
 
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== Test yourself with the Developmental Pathology Flashcards ==
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[[Cardiovascular Developmental Pathology Flashcards]]
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[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Developmental_Pathology]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Horse]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Pig]]
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<br>
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[[Category:Cardiovascular_System_-_Developmental_Pathology]] [[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Horse]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:Cardiac_Diseases_-_Pig]]
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