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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (view source)
Revision as of 09:48, 17 March 2011
, 09:48, 17 March 2011no edit summary
== Introduction<br> ==
This disease is also known as IBR and is caused by [[Bovine Herpesvirus 1]] through aerosol transmission and close contct of infected animals. It is a highly infectious disease of cattle, causing upper respiratory tract disease. The virus is a herpesvirus, meaning it has the ability to lie latent for a long period of time until reactivated by stress.
BHV-1 infects the respiratory mucosal epithelial cells (intranuclear inclusion eosinophilic inclusion bodies)from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles, which leads to neutrophilic inflammation of varying severity.<br>
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====Control====
== Clinical Signs<br> ==
Depending on severity, one will see serous, catarrhal or purulent nasal discharge, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and anorexia. There will be a rhinotracheitis that can develop into bronchopneumonia. An increased respiratory rate will also be present. Pregnant cows will also be seen to abort at 5 months or later in gestation.<br>
Clinical disease most severe in young calves, which can develop mucosal ulcerative lesions in the oesophagus and forestomachs and viraemia with multiorgan infection.
There is generally a high morbidity with low mortality, but up to 75% mortality if concurrent with [[Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus|BVDV]], caused by meningo-encephalitis. Signs can be made more severe by secondary bacterial infection such as Pasturella or Mycoplasma.
== Diagnosis ==
Clinical signs are suggestive. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and immunofluorescence.
<br>Caused by herpes virus 1 in cows. Results in abortion late in gestation 3-6 weeks after exposure.
On microscopic examination of infected tissue, one will see intrnuclear inclusion bodies, which are indicative of the virus.<br>
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]]
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]
== Control ==
'''Vaccination '''is avaliable and commonly used in the UK. Both vaccines avaliable in the UK are given intranasally and n<span style="font-weight: bold;"</span>either protect against re-infection when given during clinical outbreak, but can lessen the severity of the disease. There are also '''Inactivated''' vaccines: intranasal/intramuscular administration, which have a gE deletion making this a '''marker vaccine'''. There is an ELISA for gE deletion, which can enable culling of carrier animals. IPV has mostly been made obsolete by AI
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== References<br> ==
[[Image:IBR nasal cavity.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>IBR in nasal cavity (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]] [[Image:IBR trachea.jpg|thumb|right|100px|<small><center>IBR in trachea (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
Andrews, A.H, Blowey, R.W, Boyd, H and Eddy, R.G. (2004) Bovine Medicine (Second edition), Blackwell Publishing<br>Divers, T.J. and Peek, S.F. (2008) Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle Elsevier Health Scieneces<br>Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses Elsevier Health Sciences<br> <br><br>
[[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cattle]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]