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== Introduction<br> ==

== Introduction  ==

Feline Herpes virus causes an upper respiratory tract infection: Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis.&nbsp;

Feline Herpes virus ('''FHV-1''') causes an upper respiratory tract infection: '''Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis'''.  

Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex, with the most frequent aetiologic agent being FHV-1, and less frequently feline calicivirus and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''. All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium.&nbsp;Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -&gt; ulcerative stomatitis and&nbsp;C.psittaci more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -&gt; chronic conjunctivitis. All three together will result in the disease complex 'cat flu'.  

Viruses and bacteria are involved in the complex, with the most frequent aetiologic agent being FHV-1, and less frequently [[Feline Calicivirus|feline calicivirus]] and/or ''[[Chlamydophila psittaci]]''. All three agents infect URT respiratory epithelium, although FHV-1 has the highest affinity for this epithelium. Feline calicivirus more frequently infects the oral mucosa -> ulcerative stomatitis and ''C. felis'' more frequently infects the conjunctival epithelium -> chronic conjunctivitis. All three together will result in the disease complex 'cat flu'.  

Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepitheial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs. Resolution of these clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days, however, FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress: Can infect the cornea -&gt; ulcerative keratitis. FHV- 1 is the most common cause of keratitis and corneal ulcers in cats and gummy eyes in kittens.  

Infection of the respiratory epithelium by FHV-1 results in a typical neutrophilic rhinitis with intraepithelial intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, with expected clinical signs. Resolution of these clinical signs usually occurs by 7-14 days, however, FHV-1 remains '''latent''' in the trigeminal ganglion, and can reactivate at times of stress. It can infect the cornea - ulcerative keratitis. FHV- 1 is the most common cause of keratitis and corneal ulcers in cats and gummy eyes in kittens.  

Occasional mortality can occur in the kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infections.&nbsp;

Occasional mortality can occur in the kitten or immunocompromised animals usually associated with secondary bacterial infections.  

The virus is widespread and common. It can cause serious infections as well as latent infections which can be reactivated on boarding or at other periods of stress.<span style="font-weight: bold;">

The virus is widespread and common. It can cause serious infections as well as latent infections which can be reactivated on boarding or at other periods of stress.

== Clinical Signs  ==

== Clinical Signs  ==

Upper respiratory tract signs such as rhinitis, tracheitis and sinusitis as well as keratitis and corneal ulcers. In combination with other agents, will cause 'cat flu' which will include sneezing, coughing, gummy eyes, nasal discharge, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis.  

Upper respiratory tract signs such as [[rhinitis]], [[tracheitis]] and [[sinusitis]] as well as keratitis and corneal ulcers. In combination with other agents, will cause 'cat flu' which will include sneezing, coughing, gummy eyes, nasal discharge, dyspnoea and conjunctivitis.  

== Diagnosis  ==

== Diagnosis  ==

Clinical signs and history are usually used as a presumptive diagnosis prior to defintive diagnosis via laboratory tests.  

Clinical signs and history are usually used as a presumptive diagnosis prior to definitive diagnosis via laboratory tests.  

'''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation, plus a swab of the eye.  

'''Nasal swabs''' on first week of infection can be cultured for virus isolation, plus a swab of the eye.  

== Treatment  ==

== Treatment  ==

For keratitis with corneal ulcers treat with subcutaneous omega interferon and give topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes. <br>

For keratitis with corneal ulcers treat with subcutaneous omega interferon and give topical trifluorothymidine (thymidine analogue) on eyes.  

== Control  ==

== Control  ==

Killed and live '''vaccines''' are available.&nbsp;Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK.  

Killed and live '''[[vaccines]]''' are available. Live vaccines have provoked symptoms in immunosuppressed kittens and are no longer used in the UK.  

[http://www.abcd-vets.org/guidelines/feline_herpesvirus/index.asp ABCD information]

 

 

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition), W.B. Saunders Company

 

 

== References ==

== Links ==

Bridger, J and Ruseel, P, (2007) Virology Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College<br>Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company<br>Ettinger, S.J, Feldman, E.C. (2005) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (6th edition, volume 2)W.B. Saunders Company <br>Merck &amp; Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition) Merial<br>

[http://www.abcd-vets.org/guidelines/feline_herpesvirus/index.asp ABCD information]

[[Category:Herpesviridae]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]] [[Category:Cat_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Herpesviridae]] [[Category:Expert_Review]] [[Category:Cat_Viruses]] [[Category:Respiratory_Diseases_-_Cat]] [[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]