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== Introduction<br>  ==

== Introduction ==

Porcine Parvovirus is a worldwide disease of pigs. There is only a single serotype of this virus and it affects only pigs.&nbsp;

Porcine Parvovirus is a worldwide disease of pigs. There is only a single serotype of this virus and it affects only pigs.  

The virus is the principal cause of '''SMEDI syndrome''': Stillbirths, Mummification, Embryonic Deaths, and Infertility, which is a cause of serious economic loss in pigs. There will usually be a whole litter born, with some weak but alive, some stillbirths and some mummified foetuses. This demonstrates the virus acting over the period of gestation.  

The virus is the principal cause of '''SMEDI syndrome''': Stillbirths, Mummification, Embryonic Deaths, and Infertility, which is responsible for serious economic loss in pigs. There will usually be a whole litter born, with some weak but alive, some stillbirths and some mummified foetuses. This demonstrates the virus acting over the period of gestation.  

The virus replicates in gastrointestinal epithelium followed by viremia, '''transplacental''' infection occurs in early pregnancy, with some (but not all) surviving piglets living as carriers. The virus is transmitted orofaecally or via fomites. About 50% of UK pigs are antibody-positive. Outbreaks occur as herd is developing immunity and congenitally infected piglets act as herd '''reservoir.'''  

The virus replicates in gastrointestinal epithelium followed by viraemia, '''transplacental''' infection occurs in early pregnancy, with some (but not all) surviving piglets living as carriers. The virus is transmitted orofaecally or via fomites. About 50% of UK pigs are antibody-positive. Outbreaks occur as herd is developing immunity and congenitally infected piglets act as herd '''reservoir.'''  

 

== Clinical Signs  ==

== Clinical Signs  ==

There are often no clinical signs other than coming back into heat in early pregnancy or the birth of mummified foetuses. There may be a transient pyrexia when the disease is in the viraemic stage, but this is unlikely to be noticed by stockmen.  

There are often no clinical signs other than coming back into heat in early pregnancy or the birth of mummified foetuses. There may be a transient pyrexia when the disease is in the viraemic stage, but this is unlikely to be noticed by stockmen.  

== Diagnosis  ==

== Diagnosis  ==

History and clinical signs are very characteristic of the disease with mummified foetuses etc.  

History and clinical signs are very characteristic of the disease with mummified foetuses etc.  

'''Immunostaining''' of fetal tissues, along with virus isolation in cell culture and&nbsp;HA on feces can be performed to gain a definative diagnosis. Serology can be used to detect '''rising antibody titres''' in paired serum sample by HAI.

'''Immunostaining''' of fetal tissues, along with virus isolation in cell culture and haemagluttination inhibition (HAI) on feces can be performed to gain a definitive diagnosis. Serology can be used to detect '''rising antibody titres''' in paired serum sample by HAI.

== Control  ==

 

== References ==

Inactivated vaccine (UK) or live attenuated (USA) is avaliable and widely used. Infected piglets should be culled and their carcasses disposed of correctly.<br>

Cowart, R.P. and Casteel, S.W. (2001) '''An Outline of Swine diseases: a handbook''''' Wiley-Blackwell''

[[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Reproductive_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Pig_Viruses]] [[Category:Reproductive_Diseases_-_Pig]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]]