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== Introduction<br> ==

== Introduction ==

This apthovirus is very small (25nm) +ss RNA virus, unenveloped and has a number a serotypes, namely&nbsp;'''Oise (O),&nbsp;''''''Allemagne (A),&nbsp;''''''C (also German),&nbsp;'''South African Territories (SAT) 1, 2, and 3 and India (Asia-1). Each serotype has '''at lease three subtypes.&nbsp;'''Serotype and subtype can be quickly identified by '''ELISA''' using guinea pig antisera. '''All isolates are virulent'''.<br>

This [[:Category:Apthoviruses:Apthovirus]] is very small (25nm) +ss RNA virus, unenveloped and has a number a serotypes, namely '''Oise (O), ''''''Allemagne (A), ''''''C (also German), '''South African Territories (SAT) 1, 2, and 3 and India (Asia-1). Each serotype has '''at lease three subtypes. '''Serotype and subtype can be quickly identified by [[ELISA testing|'''ELISA''']] using guinea pig antisera. '''All isolates are virulent'''.

This disease affects all '''cloven-hoofed animals, EXCLUDING the horse, '''namely cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer, elephants and other wild ruminants such as buffalo and kudu etc. The main presentation of the disease is the formation of vesicles.<br>

This disease affects all '''cloven-hoofed animals, '''namely cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer, elephants and other wild ruminants such as buffalo and kudu etc. It does NOT afferct the horse. The main presentation of the disease is the formation of '''vesicles'''.

The disease is NOTIFIABLE in the UK and any animals with the disease, or in contact with the disease have to be destroyed.<br>

The disease is NOTIFIABLE in the UK and any animals with the disease, or in contact with the disease have to be destroyed.

The virus replicates primarily in the upper respiratory tract, tonsils, or upper alimentary tract and there is '''aerosol''' excretion during this incubation period. This is then followed by a viremia. Virus targets stratum spinosum of stratified squamous epithelia and mucus membranes and secondary [[Foot and Mouth Disease|'''vesicles''']] appear after incubation of 2-14 days. Lesions also affect the feet with cutaneous erosions in interdigital cleft, at coronet and bulbs of heals . These feet lesions often take a long time to heal as secondary bacterial infections may ensue and produce true deep ulcerative dermatitis. In the young, without maternal antibody, virus will localize in the heart and cause death by myocarditis. <br>

The virus replicates primarily in the upper respiratory tract, tonsils, or upper alimentary tract and there is '''aerosol''' excretion during this incubation period. This is then followed by a viremia. Virus targets stratum spinosum of stratified squamous epithelia and mucus membranes and secondary '''vesicles''' appear after incubation of 2-14 days. Lesions also affect the feet with cutaneous erosions in interdigital cleft, at coronet and bulbs of heals . These feet lesions often take a long time to heal as secondary bacterial infections may ensue and produce true deep ulcerative dermatitis. In the young, without maternal antibody, virus will localize in the heart and cause death by myocarditis. Persistent infection of cattle can occur in unkeratinized lesions, but subclinical carriers do not usually transfer infection except for subclinical buffalo that can transmit the disease.

FMDV causes loss of condition and productivity but is NOT typically fatal.<br>

FMDV causes loss of condition and productivity but is NOT typically fatal. Aproximately 5% mortality (usually young animals); older animals recover. The virus is highly contagious and spread is by aerosol, direct contact, saliva, infected swill and fomites. Pigs produce 3000 times more aerosol virus than cows, but cows are much more susceptible to infection than pigs.

The virus is highyl contagious and spread is by aerosol, direct contact, saliva, infected swill and fomites. Pigs produce 3000 times more aerosol virus than cows, but cows are much more susceptible to infection than pigs

In 1967 and 2001 there were major outbreaks in the UK. The disease is still widespread in many parts of world especially S. America and far East.

Subclinical buffalo CAN transmit the disease

Main clinical signs include pyrexia, depression, separation away from the herd, drooling, excess salivation, anorexia pain while eating as well as smacking of the lips. Lameness is also a key clinical sign and in pigs may often be the first noticeable sign as mouth lesions in this specie are less severe.

1967 + 2001 major outbreaks in UK

: At days 7-10+ open lesions with marked fibrous margin will be present.

Still widespread in many parts of world especially S. America, far East

'''Teats''' on animals that are suckling may also develop vesicles.

In pigs and sheep, lesions are less obvious, but vesicles around nose, mouth, and coronary band are present. Pigs have vesicles on snout, which are quickly traumatised to leave an eroded lesion. Presence of a lesion at '''coronary band''' means infection is usually less than a week old. The lesions grow down the claw at a rate of 1mm per week.  

 

 

 

 

 

In pigs and sheep, lesions are less obvious, but vesicles around nose, mouth, and coronary band are present. Pigs have vesicles on snout, which are quickly traumatised to leave an eroded lesion. Presence of a lesion at '''coronary band''' means infection is usually less than a week old. The lesions grow down the claw at a rate of 1mm per week. <br>

In cattle, lesions are seen inside mouth, around muzzle, in the interdigital cleft, around coronary band, and on teats. There will be excessive salivation, anorexia, secondary mastitis and on PM there will be lesions in oesophagus and forestomachs.

In cattle, lesions are seen inside mouth, around muzzle, in the interdigital cleft, around coronary band, and on teats. There will be excessive salivation, anorexia, secondary mastitis and on PM there will be lesions in oesophagus and forestomachs.

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

Clinical signs are enough to make a provisional diagnosis. This must be confirmed by '''ELISA''' for virus '''antigen.&nbsp;'''ELISAs are serotype-specific. This method is soon to be replaced by immunochromatography-bedside ELISA to allow on-farm diagnosis. '''Virus isolation''' can also be performed in kidney culture cells, and then serotyped by ELISA. Serology for virus '''antibody''' can determine past infection and&nbsp;ELISAs are used to detect subclinical carrier sheep. This cannot be done on vaccinated animals.  

Clinical signs are enough to make a provisional diagnosis. This must be confirmed by [[ELISA testing|'''ELISA''']] for virus '''antigen. '''ELISAs are serotype-specific. This method is soon to be replaced by immunochromatography-bedside ELISA to allow on-farm diagnosis. '''Virus isolation''' can also be performed in kidney culture cells, and then serotyped by ELISA. Serology for virus '''antibody''' can determine past infection and ELISAs are used to detect subclinical carrier sheep. This cannot be done on vaccinated animals.  

RT-PCR has been suggested for on-farm diagnosis, but has flaws such as, RNA is readily degraded by tissue enzymes, RNA must be purified before converting to DNA for PCR, false positives can occur easily by contamination with previously amplified DNA.  

RT-PCR has been suggested for on-farm diagnosis, but has flaws such as, RNA is readily degraded by tissue enzymes, RNA must be purified before converting to DNA for PCR, false positives can occur easily by contamination with previously amplified DNA.  

Samples should be taken from the vesicle itself and include the vesicle fluid as well as the tissue. These should be placed in transport medium and sent for testing.

Samples should be taken from the vesicle itself and include the vesicle fluid as well as the tissue. These should be placed in transport medium and sent for testing.

== Control ==

== Control ==

Recovered animals show immunity ONLY to the subtype of first exposure, and even this is relatively short-lived, therefore re-exposure to the original serotype after immunity has waned will still result in virus excretion, even without clinical symptoms. Infection by a second serotype will result in clinical disease. It is for these reasons, that '''vaccination is not practiced''' in the UK. Further, vaccination would mean a loss of meat export markets.<br>

Recovered animals show immunity ONLY to the subtype of first exposure, and even this is relatively short-lived, therefore re-exposure to the original serotype after immunity has waned will still result in virus excretion, even without clinical symptoms. Infection by a second serotype will result in clinical disease. It is for these reasons, that '''vaccination is not practiced''' in the UK. Further, vaccination would mean a loss of meat export markets.

===== Prevention in the UK =====

===== Prevention in the UK =====

Imported stock must come from virus-free countries that DO NOT vaccinate. Any meat imported from endemic countries must be de-boned.<br>

Imported stock must come from virus-free countries that DO NOT vaccinate. Any meat imported from endemic countries must be de-boned.

 

ANY sign of lesions in a susceptible animal is '''NOTIFIABLE''' to the Divisional Veterinary Officer and local police. Once diagnosis is confirmed, all animals on the premises must be '''slaughtered and incinerated''' and the premises fully disinfected. Movement is controlled within a 10-mile radius and follow-up serology must be performed to ensure no spread has taken place on any nearby farms. '''Ring vaccination''' with relevant subtype to create a barrier of immune animals (although this was not done in the 2001 outbreak) can be used. <br>

'''In Endemic Areas''' disease cannot be prevented by slaughter due to large numbers of carrier stock. Annual '''inactivated whole virus vaccination''' using local subtypes is used. This vaccine is inactivated by azuridines, using alhydrogel adjuvant for cows, and oil for pigs. Subunit vaccines are ineffective. The course involves 2 initial injections at 4 months (if dams are vaccinated), followed by boosters every 6-12 months, which induces virus-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccination DOES NOT render meat harmful to consumers, but does affect when it can be exported.

[http://www.defra.gov.uk/footandmouth/ DEFRA]

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses '''''Elsevier Health Sciences''