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== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a cause of major economic losses to goat production in at least 30 countries in Africa and Asia containing a total goat population of more than 300 million.

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia ('''CCPP''') is a cause of major economic losses to goat production in at least 30 countries in Africa and Asia containing a total goat population of more than 300 million.

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This condition is caused by [[Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum]] and occasionally ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' or [[Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides|''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides'']]. It is a member of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster which includes M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC), M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (MmmLC), M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), M. capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcca) and Mycoplasma species bovine group 7 (Bg7), an uncharacterized bovine isolate, which causes other diseases of ruminants. CCPP is a significant disease of goats in Africa, the Middle East and Western Asia, and is characterized primarily by its contagious nature. The disease causes interstitial, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, interlobular oedema and hepatization of the lung causing high mortality rates of up to 80% and morbidity rates of up to 100%.  

This condition is caused by ''[[Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum|Mycoplasma capricolum ''subsp.'' capricolum]]'' and occasionally ''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''capri'' or [[Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides|''M. mycoides'' subsp. ''mycoides'']]. It is a member of the ''Mycoplasma mycoides'' cluster which includes ''M. mycoides ''subsp. ''mycoides'' SC (MmmSC), ''M. mycoides ''subsp. ''mycoides'' LC (MmmLC), ''M. mycoides ''subsp. ''capri'' (Mmc), ''M. capricolum ''subsp.'' capricolum ''(Mcca) and [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] species bovine group 7 (Bg7), an uncharacterized bovine isolate, which causes other diseases of ruminants. CCPP is a significant disease of goats in Africa, the Middle East and Western Asia, and is characterized primarily by its contagious nature. The disease causes interstitial, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, interlobular oedema and hepatization of the lung causing high mortality rates of up to 80% and morbidity rates of up to 100%.  

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The most important distinguishing features of CCPP, with respect to the other goat respiratory mycoplasmoses, were defined by Hutcheon and are quoted as follows: the disease is readily contagious to susceptible goats; sheep and cattle are not affected by disease; local oedematous reactions do not occur in goats when infective inoculum is given subcutaneously (Hutcheon, 1889).

The most important distinguishing features of CCPP, with respect to the other goat respiratory mycoplasmoses, were defined by Hutcheon and are quoted as follows: the disease is readily contagious to susceptible goats; sheep and cattle are not affected by disease; local oedematous reactions do not occur in goats when infective inoculum is given subcutaneously (Hutcheon, 1889).

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In natural infections, transmission of the disease is by aerosol. The environment as a whole plays an important role in the appearance, evolution and severity of CCPP. Due to the high sensitivity of mycoplasmas to the external environment, close contact is essential between infected and naive animals for transmission to take place, and, overcrowding and confinement favours close contact and circulation of mycoplasmas. Stress factors due to malnutrition and transport over long distances can predispose the animal to disease. In Africa where extensive and traditional husbandry is practised, pathogens spread when animals meet at watering points and grazing areas.  

In natural infections, transmission of the disease is by aerosol. The environment as a whole plays an important role in the appearance, evolution and severity of CCPP. Due to the high sensitivity of mycoplasmas to the external environment, close contact is essential between infected and naive animals for transmission to take place, and, overcrowding and confinement favours close contact and circulation of mycoplasmas. Stress factors due to malnutrition and transport over long distances can predispose the animal to disease. In Africa where extensive and traditional husbandry is practised, pathogens spread when animals meet at watering points and grazing areas.  

== Signalment ==

== Signalment ==

CCPP affects only goats, of any breed, sex or age worldwide. Younger animals tend to suffer more severe clinical signs than adults.

CCPP affects only goats, of any breed, sex or age worldwide. Younger animals tend to suffer more severe clinical signs than adults.

== Clinical Signs ==

== Clinical Signs ==

The animal may appear generally depressed, dull, weak and lethargic. The animal will be pyrexic and have signs of weight loss of reduced weight gain. If the animal is in milk then milk yield will be severely reduced. Sometimes the disease may manifest as sudden death only.  

The animal may appear generally depressed, dull, weak and lethargic. The animal will be pyrexic and have signs of weight loss of reduced weight gain. If the animal is in milk then milk yield will be severely reduced. Sometimes the disease may manifest as sudden death only.  

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Respiratory signs include bilateral nasal discharge, dyspnoea, tachypnoea and coughing. Some goats may appeaer to be in severe respiraotry distress.

Respiratory signs include bilateral nasal discharge, dyspnoea, tachypnoea and coughing. Some goats may appear to be in severe respiratory distress.

 

== Pathology ==

== Pathology ==

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Hutcheon D, 1889. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia in goats at Cape Colony, South Africa. Veterinary Journal, 29:399-404.

Hutcheon D, 1889. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia in goats at Cape Colony, South Africa. Veterinary Journal, 29:399-404.

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MacOwan KJ, 1976. A mycoplasma from chronic caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. Tropical Animal Health Production, 8:28-36.

MacOwan KJ, 1976. A mycoplasma from chronic caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. Tropical Animal Health Production, 8:28-36.

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Thiaucourt F, Bölske G, Leneguersh B, Smith D, Wesonga H, 1996. Diagnosis and control of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des épizooties, 15(4):1415-1429; 35 ref.

Thiaucourt F, Bölske G, Leneguersh B, Smith D, Wesonga H, 1996. Diagnosis and control of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office International des épizooties, 15(4):1415-1429; 35 ref.

 

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[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI review]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_CABI review]]