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== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

There are two serotypes of porcine circovirus, which are as follows; PCV1 which is harmless and PCV2 which is virulent. The virulent serotype, PCV2, causes Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in young pigs and Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS) in older pigs.

There are two serotypes of porcine circovirus, which are as follows; PCV1 which is harmless and PCV2 which is virulent. The virulent serotype, PCV2, causes Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in young pigs and Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS) in older pigs.

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PCV2 is the most important widespread porcine virus as it causes detrimental losses to the industry and predisposes to secondary infection, which obviously can therefore result in further losses. It is easily misdiagnosed. Route of transmission is via the faeco-oral route or venereal route. The host often mounts a poor immune response to the condition.

PCV2 is the most important widespread porcine virus as it causes detrimental losses to the industry and predisposes to secondary infection, which obviously can result in further losses. It is easily misdiagnosed. Route of transmission is via the faeco-oral route or venereal route. The host often mounts a poor immune response to the virus.

 

== PMWS ==

== PMWS ==

This disease causes enlarged lymph nodes and lymphopenia, as the virus concentrates in germinal centers.  

This disease causes enlarged lymph nodes and [[lymphopenia]], as the virus concentrates in germinal centers.  

 

=== Signalment ===

=== Signalment ===

Typically strikes '''weaners''' of around 8-12 weeks old.

Typically strikes '''weaners''' of around 8-12 weeks old.

=== Clinical Signs ===

=== Clinical Signs ===

Clinical signs include pale skin colour and/ or jaundiced skin, enlarged lymph nodes and kidneys, and unthrifty appearance and lameness. There may also be signs of respiratory disease, such as mild [[Interstitial Pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]], failure of lungs to collpse on opening the thoracic cavity and also diarrhoea. Some may present as sudden death and mortality rates can reach 40% in an outbreak.

Clinical signs include pale skin colour and/or jaundiced skin, enlarged lymph nodes and kidneys, and unthrifty appearance and lameness. There may also be signs of respiratory disease, such as mild [[Interstitial Pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]], failure of lungs to collapse on opening the thoracic cavity and also diarrhoea. Some may present as sudden death and mortality rates can reach 40% in an outbreak.

 

=== Differential Diagnoses ===

=== Differential Diagnoses ===

There are a large range of differentials, particularly [[Classical Swine Fever|Swine Fever]], African Swine Fever, ''Pasteurella'', and colisepticemia

There are a large range of differentials, particularly [[Classical Swine Fever]], [[African Swine Fever]], ''Pasteurella'', and colisepticemia.

 

== PDNS ==

== PDNS ==

This condition can follow PMWS or can be seen as a stand alone condition and presents as an immune-mediated '''necrotising vasculitis'''

This condition can follow PMWS or can be seen as a stand alone condition and presents as an immune-mediated '''necrotising vasculitis'''.

 

=== Signalment ===

=== Signalment ===

It is typically seen in growers and finishers.

It is typically seen in growers and finishers.

=== Clinical Signs ===

=== Clinical Signs ===

Signs can include extensive hemorrhages of kidneys and skin, especially in the scrotal region, accompanied by pyrexia.

Signs can include extensive hemorrhages of kidneys and skin, especially in the scrotal region, accompanied by pyrexia.

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

Diagnosis of these conditions is based on clinical signs and history and signalment. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by performing a PCR for the PCv nucleic acid, however some positive animals can show no clinical signs. Differentials such as Classical Swine Fever must be ruled out.

Diagnosis of these conditions is based on clinical signs and history and signalment. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by performing a PCR for the PCv nucleic acid, however some positive animals can show no clinical signs. Differentials such as Classical Swine Fever must be ruled out.

Control measures include good ventilation, bio-security and proper management. Passive antibody can sometimes be used in severe circumstances.

Control measures include good ventilation, bio-security and proper management. Passive antibody can sometimes be used in severe circumstances.

==Literature Search==

==Literature Search==

[[Category:Circoviridae]][[Category:Pig Viruses]]

[[Category:Circoviridae]][[Category:Pig Viruses]]

 

[[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Review]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Viral_Infections]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Urological Diseases - Pig]]

[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Pig]][[Category:Urological Diseases - Pig]]