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== Introduction ==

Botulism is caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin of the pathogen ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'', which is a spore-forming, gram positive bacteria. Clostridium botulinum is found ubiquitously in the soil worldwide. It is one of the most lethal substances known on earth as only 1.0 micrograms is the lethal dose for humans. Therefore the disease is zoonotic and a public health issue.

 

== Introduction ==  

The toxin works by binding to gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction and irreversibly inhibiting acetyl choline release, following absorption into the bloodstream. This inhibition of Ach, causes flaccid paralysis and death.

 

''Clostridium botulinum'' is a spore-forming, gram positive bacterium. It is oval with subterminal endospores. ''C. botulinim'' spores survive boiling for hours. '''Botulism''' is caused by the ingestion of the neurotoxin produced by the pathogen.

There are three ways that botulism can arise, firstly and most commonly (only one of the three that does occur in the UK) is ingested of the preformed toxin. Secondly, the spores can be ingested and the toxin can proliferation in the intestine, but this tends only to occur in neonates or young stock. Thirdly, the bacteria can enter the body through a wound and then prilferate again, once inside the body. The previous two types of infection are rare and neither occur in the UK. In the UK, infection usually arises when animals e.g. cattle or horses have ingested contamination big bale silage, that has been contaminated with soil or carcasses.

 

''Clostridium botulinum'' is found ubiquitously in the soil worldwide. It is one of the most lethal substances known on earth as only 1.0 micrograms is the lethal dose for humans. Therefore the disease is zoonotic and a public health issue.

 

 

The toxin works by binding to gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction and irreversibly inhibiting acetyl choline (Ach) release, following absorption into the bloodstream. This inhibition of Ach, causes flaccid paralysis and death.

== Signalment ==

== Signalment ==

Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, so therefore cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country.

Any animal of any age, sex or breed can contract this disease. In the UK, access to big bale silage is the main cause of the disease, hence cattle and horses are most likely to develop the disease in this country.

 

The characteristic clinical sign is '''generalised flaccid paralysis'''. Most clinicians consider the reduction in tongue tone to be the most characteristic sign (pull tongue out of side of mouth and let go; the animal will not pull it back in cases of botulism). Sudden death may be the only clinical sign in some cases, especially farm animals.

Another presentation is with incoordination and knuckling followed by flacid paralysis and recumbency. Paralysis of respiratory muscles leads to death.

The characteristic clinical sign is '''generalised flaccid paralysis'''. Most clinicians consider the reduction in tongue tone to be the most characteristic sign (pull tongue out of side of mouth and let go; the animal will not pull it back in cases of botulism. Sudden death may be the only clinical sign in some cases, especially farm animals.

== Diagnosis ==

== Diagnosis ==

History of big bale silage or knowledge of previous clostridium botulinum on farm, plus characteristic clinical signs are indicative of the disease.

History of big bale silage or knowledge of previous ''Clostridium botulinum'' on farm, plus characteristic clinical signs are indicative of the disease.

 

Any differentials should be ruled out. Faecal samples can be taken for detection of the toxin.

Any differentials should be ruled out. Faecal samples can be taken for detection of the toxin.

== Treatment and Control ==

== Treatment and Control ==

Antiserum to Clostridium botulinum can be given, but this will only work very early on, when the toxin is free. When the toxin has fixed to the gangliosides, antiserum is not effective.

Polyvalent '''antiserum''' to ''Clostridium botulinum'' can be given, but this will only work very early on, when the toxin is free (unbound). When the toxin has fixed to the gangliosides, antiserum is not effective.

 

In countries where botulism is endemic, a toxoid vaccine is avaliable for livestock. This is not the cases in the UK.

In countries where botulism is endemic, a toxoid vaccine is available for livestock. This is not the case in the UK.

 

Management of the recumbent animal, plus fluid therapy and nutrition can be undertaken if considered economically viable. Most livestock and horses that contract the disease are destroyed on humane grounds.

Management of the recumbent animal, plus fluid therapy and nutrition can be undertaken if considered economically viable. Most livestock and horses that contract the disease are destroyed on humane grounds.

== References ==

== References ==

Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2nd Edition), Elsevier Science.

Blood, D.C. and Studdert, V. P. (1999) '''Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary '''(2nd Edition), ''Elsevier Science.''

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Knottenbelt, D.C. A Handbook of Equine Medicine for Final Year Students, University of Liverpool.

Knottenbelt, D.C. '''A Handbook of Equine Medicine for Final Year Students, '''''University of Liverpool.''

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Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial.

Merck & Co (2008)''' The Merck Veterinary Manual '''(Eighth Edition),'' Merial.''

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Piercy, R (2008) The Nervous System and Special Senses Study Guide, Royal Veterinary College.

Piercy, R (2008) '''The Nervous System and Special Senses Study Guide,''''' Royal Veterinary College.''

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Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2007) Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, Blackwell Publishing.

Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2007) '''Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease,''''' Blackwell Publishing.''

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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, Elsevier Health Sciences.

Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses,''''' Elsevier Health Sciences.''

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Rycroft, A (2007) Principles of Microbiology Part I; Fundamentals of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterainry College.

Rycroft, A (2007) '''Principles of Microbiology Part I; Fundamentals of Veterinary Microbiology, '''''Royal Veterinary College.'''''

 

 

 

[[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]

[[Category:Neurotoxic_Clostridia]] [[Category:Cattle_Bacteria]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]]  

[[Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]]

[[Category:Muscles - Degenerative Pathology]][[Category:Peripheral Nervous System - Pathology]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Goat]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]

[[Category:Zoonoses]]

[[Category:To Do - Review]]

[[Category:Expert Review]]