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| − | Also known as: '''''HGE
| + | #redirect[[Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis]] |
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | '''Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis''' is characterised by acute [[Vomiting|vomiting]] and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]. Gastrointestinal integrity is lost, resulting in a rapid movement of blood, fluid and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. The aetiology is unknown but it may relate to ''[[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|Clostridium perfringens]]'' enterotoxicosis or an immune-mediated reaction. There is usually no history of rubbish, chemical or foreign body ingestion.
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| − | ==Signalment==
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| − | Middle-aged, small-breed dogs such as: Miniature Poodle, Toy Poodle, Miniature Schnauzer, Yorkshire Terrier, Dachshund.
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | Include acute and progressive haematoemesis and/or haematochezia, with vomiting preceding diarrhoea.
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| − | Other signs include depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, dehydration and [[Shock#Hypovolaemic shock|hypovolaemic shock]] occurs over a period of 8 - 12 hours. Pyrexia can occur but is rare.
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| − | In severe cases, patients may be critically ill or moribund.
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| − | ==Laboratory Tests==
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| − | ===Haematology and Biochemistry===
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| − | Reveals haemoconcentration with PCV > 60%. Normal or increased total protein concentrations will be present, but proportionately lower than would be expected from the corresponding increase in PCV due to loss of protein through the intestines.
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| − | In severe cases a thrombocytopaenia and a pre-renal or renal [[Azotaemia|azotaemia]] may occur.
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| − | ===Other Tests===
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| − | Faecal cytology may reveal red blood cells, occasional white blood cells, ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin. ''Clostridium perfringens'' spores or enterotoxin can be found in a normal dog, therefore care has to be taken not to over-interpret this.
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| − | ==Diagnostic Imaging==
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| − | ===Radiography===
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| − | Abdominal radiograph may reveal fluid and gas filled small and large intestines.
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| − | ==Treatment==
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| − | Start treatment prior to a full diagnostic investigations.
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| − | Aggressive intravenous [[Principles of Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]] is important for the treatment and prevention of shock.
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| − | [[Colloids|Colloids]] or plasma are recommended to replace the intravascular deficit due to loss of protein, followed by [[Crystalloids|crystalloids]] to complete rehydration.
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| − | Clinical improvements should be noted within a few hours but resolution of clinical signs may take a few days.
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| − | Broad spectrum antimicrobials such as [[Penicillins|ampicillin]] combined with [[Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolone]] are appropriate against ''Clostridium perfringens''.
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| − | Initially, food should be withheld. Once vomiting has stopped a bland and highly digestible diet such as chicken and rice can be introduced.
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| − | ==Prognosis==
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| − | Complete recovery in most cases provided there is no complication such as hypoproteinaemia or sepsis. However, recurrence is possible.
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| − | ==Literature Search==
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| − | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
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| − | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=10&q=title%3A%28Gastroenteritis%29+AND+%28title%3A%28haemorrhagic%29+OR+%28hemorrhagic%29%29&fq=sc%3A%22ve%22 Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis publications] | |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
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| − | Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''.
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| − | Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | [[Category:Stomach_and_Abomasum_-_Inflammatory_Pathology]]
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| − | [[Category:Intestine_-_Inflammatory_Pathology_by_Type]]
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| − | [[Category:Gastric Diseases - Dog]]
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| − | [[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]][[Category:Intestinal Diseases - Dog]]
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